滿天星RF
Account 、Accounting
Account 有很多意思,常見的主要是“說明、解釋;計(jì)算、帳單;銀行帳戶”。例如:
1、 He gave me a full account of his plan。
他把計(jì)劃給我做了完整的說明。
2、 Charge it to my account。
把它記在我的帳上。
3、 Cashier:Good afternoon。Can I help you ?
銀行出納:下午好,能為您做什么?
Man :I'd like to open a bank account 。
男人:我想開一個(gè)銀行存款帳戶。
還有 account title(帳戶名稱、會(huì)計(jì)科目)、income account(收益帳戶)、account book(帳簿)等。
在 account 后面加上詞綴 ing 就成為 accounting ,其意義也相應(yīng)變?yōu)闀?huì)計(jì)、會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)。例如:
1、Accounting is a process of recording, classifying,summarizing and interpreting of those business activities that can be expressed in monetary terms。
會(huì)計(jì)是一個(gè)以貨幣形式對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行記錄、分類、匯總以及解釋的過程。
2、It has been said that Accounting is the language of business。
據(jù)說會(huì)計(jì)是“商業(yè)語言”
3、Accounting is one of the fastest growing profession in the modern business world。
會(huì)計(jì)是當(dāng)今經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)中發(fā)展最快的職業(yè)之一。
4、Financial Accounting and Managerial Accounting are two major specialized fields in Accounting。
財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)和管理會(huì)計(jì)是會(huì)計(jì)的兩個(gè)主要的專門領(lǐng)域。
其他還有 accounting profession(會(huì)計(jì)職業(yè))、accounting elements(會(huì)計(jì)要素)等。
Accountant 比Account只多ant三個(gè)字母,其意思是會(huì)計(jì)師、會(huì)計(jì)人員。例如:
1、A certified public accountant or CPA, as the term is usually abbreviated, must pass a series of examinations, after which he or she receives a certificate。
注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師(或,注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的縮寫),必須通過一系列考試方可取得證書。
2、Private accountant , also called executive or administrative accountant, handle the financial records of a business。
私人會(huì)計(jì)師,也叫做主管或行政會(huì)計(jì)師,負(fù)責(zé)處理公司的財(cái)務(wù)帳目。
總之,這三個(gè)詞,有很深的淵源關(guān)系。
Assets、Liabilities
這三個(gè)詞分別是資產(chǎn)、負(fù)債和所有者權(quán)益,是會(huì)計(jì)等式的三個(gè)要素。
Assets 這個(gè)詞表示資產(chǎn)時(shí)一定要用復(fù)數(shù)形式,即詞尾要有 “s”。如果不用復(fù)數(shù)形式,就成為“寶物,天賦、技能”的意思。例如:
1、 Assets are properties that are owned and have monetary values;for instance,cash,inventory,buildings,equipment。
資產(chǎn)是指企業(yè)所擁有的'、具有貨幣價(jià)值的財(cái)產(chǎn),如現(xiàn)金、存貨、建筑物、設(shè)備。
2、 Assets are the economic resources that are owned or controlled by a business and can be expressed in monetary units。
資產(chǎn)是由企業(yè)擁有或控制并能用貨幣計(jì)量的經(jīng)濟(jì)資源。
3、 Assets can be classified into current assets and non—current assets 。
資產(chǎn)可以劃分為流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)和非流動(dòng)資產(chǎn)。
Liabilities 是liability 的復(fù)數(shù)形式。它的意思是法律上的責(zé)任、義務(wù)。如 liability for an accident (肇事的責(zé)任);liability to pay taxes (納稅的義務(wù))。只有其為復(fù)數(shù)形式 liabilities 時(shí)才表示負(fù)債、債務(wù)的意思。例如:
1、 Liabilities are the obligations or debt that a business must pay in money or services at some time in the future。
負(fù)債是指將來需用貨幣或服務(wù)償還的債務(wù)或履行的義務(wù)。
2、 Liabilities are amounts owned to outsiders, such as notes payable, accounts payable, bonds payable。
負(fù)債是欠外部的數(shù)額,如應(yīng)付票據(jù)、應(yīng)付帳款、應(yīng)付債券。
Owner's equity 是由 owner (所有者、業(yè)主)和equity (權(quán)益)構(gòu)成為“業(yè)主權(quán)益”。例如:
1、 Owner's equity represents the owner's interest in or claim upon a business net assets which is the deference between the amount of assets and the amount of liabilities。
業(yè)主權(quán)益代表業(yè)主對(duì)企業(yè)凈資產(chǎn)的權(quán)益或要求權(quán),凈資產(chǎn)是指企業(yè)的資產(chǎn)總額與負(fù)債之間的差額。
2、 Capital is the interest of the owners in an enterprise。 Also known as owner's equity。
資本是企業(yè)所有者的利益,也稱為業(yè)主權(quán)益。
3、 Owner's equity include owner “s investment in a business and accumulated operating results since the beginning of the operation。
業(yè)主權(quán)益包括業(yè)主的投資以及企業(yè)自開業(yè)以來積累的經(jīng)營成果。
上述會(huì)計(jì)要素相互之間的關(guān)系用一個(gè)簡單的數(shù)學(xué)公式來表示,就是
會(huì)計(jì)恒等式。
Assets=Liabilities+Owner's equity
資產(chǎn)=負(fù)債+業(yè)主權(quán)益
Ledgers 和 Journals
Ledgers 在簿記上是分類帳的意思,可以和其他詞匯搭配,構(gòu)成許多會(huì)計(jì)詞匯。如ledger accounts(分類帳戶)、general ledger(總分類帳)、subsidiary ledger(明細(xì)分類帳)等。例如:
1、 Ledger accounts are used to record business transactions' effect on an accounting entity。
分類帳戶被用來記錄交易對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)主體的影響。
2、 A ledger account is simply a record of changes (increase and decrease)and balances in value of a specific accounting item。
分類帳戶不過是特定會(huì)計(jì)項(xiàng)目價(jià)值的變動(dòng)(增加與減少)和結(jié)余的記錄。
3、 The general ledger is the book used to list all the accounts established by an organization。
總分類帳是一本列出一個(gè)單位所設(shè)立的全部帳戶的帳本。
4、 Further simplification of the general ledger is brought about by the use of subsidiary ledger。
使用明細(xì)分類帳使總分類帳更加簡化明了。
5、 The advantages of subsidiary ledger are as following:(1)reduces ledger detail ;(2)permits better division of labor;(3)permits a different sequence of accounts;(4)permits better internal control。
明細(xì)分類帳的優(yōu)點(diǎn)如下;(1)減少分類帳的細(xì)節(jié);(2)使勞動(dòng)分工更合理;(3)允許不同的帳戶排序(4)便于更好地內(nèi)部控制。
Journal 比較常用的意思是“日記、日志;雜志、刊物”,如keep a journal (記日志)、a ship's journal (航海日志),a monthly journal (月刊),單詞 diary 也有“日記”的意思,但journal 比 diary 更強(qiáng)調(diào)“正式記錄”。Journal 在會(huì)計(jì)詞匯上的意思是“日記帳”。例如:
1、 In a western accounting system ,the information about each business transaction is initially recorded in an accounting record called a Journal。
在西方會(huì)計(jì)體系中,有關(guān)每筆經(jīng)濟(jì)交易的資料最初是記在一本叫做“日記帳”的會(huì)計(jì)帳上。
2、 A journal is a chronological(arrange in order of time ) record of business transactions。
日記帳是對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)交易的序時(shí)(即按時(shí)間的順序)記錄。
3、 In a journal entry, the debits and credits for given transaction are recorded together, but when the transaction is recorded in the ledger, the debits and credits are entered in different accounts。
在日記帳上記帳時(shí),既定交易的借方和貸方一起被記錄,但在分類帳記錄中,一筆交易的借方和貸方進(jìn)入不同的帳戶中。
4、 A journal may be a general journal or it may be a group of special journals。
日記帳可以是一本通用日記帳,也可以是一組特種日記帳。
清磚淡瓦
會(huì)計(jì)英語之固定資產(chǎn)
中國《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第四號(hào)——固定資產(chǎn)》和國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則IAS16——Property Plant and Equipment對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)的確認(rèn)、初始計(jì)量的規(guī)定,并分析中國《企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第四號(hào)——固定資產(chǎn)》和國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則IAS16對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計(jì)量的處理差異。需要指出的是,投資性房地產(chǎn)的會(huì)計(jì)處理與一般性固定資產(chǎn)的會(huì)計(jì)處理存在一些差異。因此,本期分析的固定資產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)則不包括投資性房地產(chǎn)在內(nèi)。下面是我為大家?guī)淼年P(guān)于固定資產(chǎn)的會(huì)計(jì)英語,歡迎閱讀。
1固定資產(chǎn)的含義和確認(rèn)
(一)固定資產(chǎn)的含義
中國企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第4號(hào)《固定資產(chǎn)》中指出:"固定資產(chǎn),是指同時(shí)具有下列特征的有形資產(chǎn):
1.為生產(chǎn)商品、提供勞務(wù)、出租或經(jīng)營管理而持有的;
2.使用壽命超過一個(gè)會(huì)計(jì)年度。使用壽命,是指企業(yè)使用固定資產(chǎn)的預(yù)計(jì)期間,或者該固定資產(chǎn)所能生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品或提供勞務(wù)的數(shù)量”。
國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)指出: Property, plant and equipment are tangible items that:
(a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services,for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and
(b) are expected to be used during more than one period.
Useful life is:
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity; or
(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtainedfrom the asset by an entity.
(二)固定資產(chǎn)的確認(rèn)
中國企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第4號(hào)《固定資產(chǎn)》第四條要求:“固定資產(chǎn)同時(shí)滿足下列條件的,才能予以確認(rèn):
1.與該固定資產(chǎn)有關(guān)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益很可能流入企業(yè);
2.該固定資產(chǎn)的成本能夠可靠地計(jì)量。
國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)確認(rèn)的表述如下:
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognised as an asset if, and only if:
(a) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with theitem will flow to the entity; and
(b) the cost of the item can be measured reliably.
2固定資產(chǎn)的初始計(jì)量
中國企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第4號(hào)《固定資產(chǎn)》第三章的第七條要求:“固定資產(chǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)按照成本進(jìn)行初始計(jì)量”,第八條要求:“外購固定資產(chǎn)的成本,包括購買價(jià)款、相關(guān)稅費(fèi)、使固定資產(chǎn)達(dá)到預(yù)定可使用狀態(tài)前所發(fā)生的可歸屬于該項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的運(yùn)輸費(fèi)、裝卸費(fèi)、安裝費(fèi)和專業(yè)人員服務(wù)費(fèi)等”。第十三條要求:“確定固定資產(chǎn)成本時(shí),應(yīng)當(dāng)考慮預(yù)計(jì)棄置費(fèi)用因素”。
國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)初始計(jì)量的表述如下:
An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset shall be measured at its cost.
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises:
(a) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates.
(b) any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management.
(c) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located, the obligation for which an entity incurs either when the item is acquired or as a consequence of having used the item during a particular period for purposes other than to produce inventories during that period.
3固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計(jì)量
我國會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則關(guān)于固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計(jì)量存在差異。
(一)中國《固定資產(chǎn)》準(zhǔn)則的規(guī)定
中國企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則使用成本法進(jìn)行固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計(jì)量。準(zhǔn)則要求在對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)進(jìn)行后續(xù)計(jì)量時(shí),企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)所有固定資產(chǎn)計(jì)提折舊,并且定期進(jìn)行資產(chǎn)減值測(cè)試。固定資產(chǎn)的賬面價(jià)值應(yīng)該為初始成本減去累計(jì)折舊以及累計(jì)減值損失。
《固定資產(chǎn)》準(zhǔn)則未規(guī)定可以使用重估價(jià)值法(revaluation model)進(jìn)行固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計(jì)量。
(二)國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則(IAS 16)的規(guī)定
1.成本法與重估價(jià)值法
在國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則(IAS 16)中,固定資產(chǎn)(property, plant and equipment)的后續(xù)計(jì)量有兩種方法:成本法(cost model)和重估價(jià)值法(revaluation model)。企業(yè)可以選擇其中一種方法進(jìn)行會(huì)計(jì)處理。但是,IAS16要求,一旦選定固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計(jì)量的方法,需要將此方法運(yùn)用于“整組固定資產(chǎn)”。
“An entity shall choose either the cost model or the revaluation model as its accounting policy and shall apply that policy to an entire class of property, plant and equipment.”
對(duì)于成本法的表述,中國會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則是類似的。IAS16中對(duì)成本法的表述是:“Cost model——After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment shall be carried at its cost less any accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses.”
IAS16中對(duì)重估價(jià)值法的表述包括:
第一,在國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則中,重估價(jià)值法要求如果某一固定資產(chǎn)的公允價(jià)值可以可靠計(jì)量,那么該固定資產(chǎn)應(yīng)當(dāng)以公允價(jià)值在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中列示。在重估價(jià)值法下,固定資產(chǎn)的.列示價(jià)值應(yīng)該為其在重新估計(jì)日的公允價(jià)值減去隨后的累計(jì)折舊和累計(jì)減值損失。
"Revaluation model——After recognition as an asset, an item of property, plant and equipment whose fair value can be measured reliably shall be carried at a revalued amount, being its fair value at the date of the revaluation less any subsequent accumulated depreciation and subsequent accumulated impairment losses."
第二,“重新估計(jì)”應(yīng)該定期進(jìn)行,以確保固定資產(chǎn)的賬面價(jià)值不會(huì)和報(bào)告期期末的公允價(jià)值存在重大差異。
"Revaluations shall be made with sufficient regularity to ensure that the carrying amount does not differ materially from that which would be determined using fair value at the end of the reporting period."
第三,如果一項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的賬面價(jià)值因?yàn)橹匦鹿烙?jì)而上升了,那么增加值應(yīng)該計(jì)入其他綜合收益,同時(shí)累計(jì)計(jì)入所有者權(quán)益。但是,如果是由于固定資產(chǎn)減值的轉(zhuǎn)回產(chǎn)生的賬面價(jià)值增加,此增加值應(yīng)該計(jì)入損益。
If an asset’s carrying amount is increased as a result of a revaluation, the increase shall be recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation surplus.However, the increase shall be recognised in profit or loss to the extent that it reverses a revaluation decrease of the same asset previously recognised in profit or loss.
第四,如果一項(xiàng)資產(chǎn)的賬面價(jià)值因?yàn)橹匦鹿烙?jì)而下降了,那么減少值應(yīng)該計(jì)入損益。但是,如果此前該資產(chǎn)有由于重估導(dǎo)致賬面價(jià)值上升且將增加值計(jì)入了其他綜合收益,同時(shí)增加所有者權(quán)益的情況,此次減少值應(yīng)首先抵減此前的增加值,即抵減之前增加的其他綜合收益,同時(shí)抵減之前增加的所有者權(quán)益。如果之前的增值部分不夠抵減,再將差值計(jì)入損益。
If an asset’s carrying amount is decreased as a result of a revaluation, the decrease shall be recognised in profit or loss. However, the decrease shall be recognised in other comprehensive income to the extent of any credit balance existing in the revaluation surplus in respect of that asset. The decrease recognised in other comprehensive income reduces the amount accumulated in equity under the heading of revaluation surplus.
2、整組固定資產(chǎn)
國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則IAS16對(duì)何謂“整組固定資產(chǎn)”(An entire class of property, plant and equipment)進(jìn)行了解釋。整組固定資產(chǎn)指在經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)體的運(yùn)營過程中有相似性質(zhì)和用途的一組資產(chǎn)。
下面列舉一些“整組固定資產(chǎn)”的分類的例子:
(1)土地;
(2)土地和建筑物;
(3)機(jī)械;
(4)船舶;
(5)航空器;
(6)機(jī)動(dòng)車輛;
(7)家私及器具;
(8)辦公設(shè)備;
(9)生產(chǎn)性植物
A class of property, plant and equipment is a grouping of assets of a similar nature and use in an entity’s operations.The following are examples of separate classes:
(a) land;(b) land and buildings;(c) machinery;(d) ships;(e) aircraft;(f) motor vehicles;(g) furniture and fixtures;(h) office equipment; and(i) bearer plants.”
在中國企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則第四號(hào)《固定資產(chǎn)》中沒有 “整組固定資產(chǎn)”這個(gè)概念。
(三)中國《固定資產(chǎn)》準(zhǔn)則不使用重估價(jià)值法進(jìn)行后續(xù)計(jì)量的原因
從IAS16可以看出,重估價(jià)值法以公允價(jià)值為基礎(chǔ),是公允價(jià)值計(jì)量屬性的體現(xiàn)和具體運(yùn)用。為提供有助于決策的會(huì)計(jì)信息,國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則的制訂和演變趨勢(shì)越來越強(qiáng)調(diào)公允價(jià)值計(jì)量。公允價(jià)值是活躍市場上的交易價(jià)格,以公允價(jià)值計(jì)量固定資產(chǎn)價(jià)值其實(shí)更吻合資產(chǎn)的定義中“預(yù)期能在未來給企業(yè)帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)利益”這一部分,可以更好地體現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)的本質(zhì)。針對(duì)國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則公允價(jià)值計(jì)量的相關(guān)研究表明,在會(huì)計(jì)信息環(huán)境好、投資者保護(hù)水平高的國家和地區(qū),使用公允價(jià)值計(jì)量能夠提高會(huì)計(jì)信息的決策相關(guān)性、透明度、可比性和可信度。
我國《固定資產(chǎn)》對(duì)固定資產(chǎn)后續(xù)計(jì)量的成本法仍是盯住歷史成本,是歷史成本計(jì)量屬性的體現(xiàn)和具體運(yùn)用。雖然我國的企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則在不斷與國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則趨同的過程中,越來越多的引入公允價(jià)值計(jì)量屬性,但是,在固定資產(chǎn)缺乏活躍交易市場的情況下,如果使用估值模型,主觀判斷的估值參數(shù)可能降低會(huì)計(jì)信息的可靠性、可比性。我國的會(huì)計(jì)信息環(huán)境、投資者保護(hù)的法律水平仍有待提高。因此,在與國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則不斷趨同的過程中,我國準(zhǔn)則對(duì)投資性房地產(chǎn)引入公允價(jià)值計(jì)量(投資性房地產(chǎn)的公允價(jià)值計(jì)量模式也與國際會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則存在一些差異),但是,對(duì)除投資性房地產(chǎn)以外的固定資產(chǎn)的后續(xù)計(jì)量的屬性仍持謹(jǐn)慎態(tài)度,目前只能使用成本法。
真龍木木
國內(nèi)開設(shè)會(huì)計(jì)碩士的高校院所196個(gè),招生單位是蠻多的。但目前mpacc報(bào)考熱度比較高,競爭仍然顯得比較激烈。當(dāng)然,學(xué)校之間,分?jǐn)?shù)不平衡情況也比較突出,如985的東南大學(xué)2017年復(fù)試線為170分,而河南財(cái)經(jīng)政法大學(xué)竟然達(dá)到242分,這種分?jǐn)?shù)不平衡,也使考生不容易擇校。MPAcc的考試初試科目只有英語和管理類能力聯(lián)考知識(shí)兩門,考試科目不多,是眾多其它專業(yè)畢業(yè)生跨考的原因。至于知識(shí)基礎(chǔ)要求,你可以結(jié)合會(huì)計(jì)碩士的考試科目去理解。初試科目一,英語總分100分,題型分布綜合填空(完型填空)20道,每題0.5分,共10分;閱讀5篇文章,每題2分,共25題,合計(jì)50分;翻譯15分;小作文10分,大作文15分。初試科目二是綜合能力,總分200分。此試卷由數(shù)學(xué)、邏輯和寫作構(gòu)成,其中數(shù)學(xué)75分,邏輯60分,寫作65分,數(shù)學(xué)和邏輯均為單項(xiàng)選擇題。 復(fù)試科目,則主要是會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)相關(guān)專業(yè)課,包括中級(jí)財(cái)務(wù)會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)、管理會(huì)計(jì)或成本會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)學(xué)等,有的高校還要考察思想政治課程。近幾年,mpacc的國家線A類考生總分165以上,B類考生總分150以上,但由于大多數(shù)院校mpacc復(fù)試比例比較高,即兩個(gè)復(fù)試這錄取一個(gè),想確保錄取僅僅跨線是沒有把握的。
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