The concept of childhood in the western countries

1. FALSE

2. FALSE

3. TRUE

4. NOT GIVEN

5. FALSE

6. NOT GIVEN

7. TRUE

8. history of childhood

9. miniature adults

10. industrialization

11. The factory Act

12. play and education

13. Classroom

Passage 2：新冰河時代

A New Ice Age

A

William Curry is a serious, sober climate scientist, not an art critic .But he has spent a lot of time perusing Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze’s famous painting “George Washington Crossing the Delaware,” which depicts a boatload of colonial American soldiers making their way to attack English and Hessian troops the day after Christmas in 1776. “Most people think these other guys in the boat are rowing, but they are actually pushing the ice away,” says Curry, tapping his finger on a reproduction of the painting. Sure enough, the lead oarsman is bashing the frozen river with his boot. “I grew up in Philadelphia. The place in this painting is 30 minutes away by car. I can tell you, this kind of thing just doesn’t happen anymore.”

B

But it may again soon. And ice-choked scenes, similar to those immortalized by the 16th-century Flemish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder, may also return to Europe. His works, including the 1565 masterpiece “Hunters in the Snow,” make the now-temperate European landscapes look more like Lapland. Such frigid settings were commonplace during a period dating roughly from 1300 to 1850 because much of North America and Europe was in the throes of a little ice age. And now there is mounting evidence that the chill could return. A growing number of scientists believe conditions are ripe for another prolonged cool down, or small ice age. While no one is predicting a brutal ice sheet like the one that covered the Northern Hemisphere with glaciers (n. 冰川) about 12,000 years ago, the next cooling trend could drop average temperatures 5 degrees Fahrenheit over much of the United States and 10 degrees in the Northeast, northern Europe, and northern Asia.

C

“It could happen in 10 years,” says Terrence Joyce, who chairs the Woods Hole Physical Oceanography Department. “Once it does, it can take hundreds of years to reverse.” And he is alarmed that Americans have yet to take the threat seriously.

D

A drop of 5 to 10 degrees entails much more than simply bumping up the thermostat and carrying on. Both economically and ecologically, such quick, persistent chilling could have devastating consequences. A 2002 report titled“Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises,” produced by the National Academy of Sciences, pegged the cost from agricultural losses alone at $100 billion to $250 billion while also predicting that damage to ecologies could be vast and incalculable. A grim sampler: disappearing forests, increased housing expenses, dwindling freshwater, lower crop yields (n. 產(chǎn)量)， and accelerated species extinctions.

E

Political changes since the last ice age could make survival far more difficult for the world’s poor. During previous cooling periods, whole tribes simply picked up and moved south, but that option doesn’t work in the modern, tense world of closed borders. “To the extent that abrupt climate change may cause rapid and extensive changes of fortune for those who live off the land, the inability to migrate may remove one of the major safety nets for distressed people,” says the report.

F

But first things first. Isn’t the earth actually warming? Indeed it is, says Joyce. In his cluttered office, full of soft light from the foggy Cape Cod morning, he explains how such warming could actually be the surprising culprit of the next mini-ice age. The paradox is a result of the appearance over the past 30 years in the North Atlantic of huge rivers of fresh water the equivalent of a 10-foot-thick layer-mixed into the salty sea. No one is certain where the fresh torrents are coming from, but a prime suspect is melting (adj. 融化的) Arctic ice, caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that traps solar energy.

G

The freshwater trend is major news in ocean-science circles. Bob Dickson, a British oceanographer who sounded an alarm at a February conference in Honolulu, has termed the drop in salinity and temperature in the Labrador Sea— a body of water between northeastern Canada and Greenland that adjoins the Atlantic”arguably the largest full-depth changes observed in the modern instrumental oceanographic record.”

H

The trend could cause a little ice age by subverting the northern penetration of Gulf Stream waters. Normally, the Gulf Stream, laden with heat soaked up in the tropics, meanders up the east coasts of the United States and Canada. As it flows northward, the stream surrenders heat to the air. Because the prevailing North Atlantic winds blow eastward, a lot of the heat wafts to Europe. That’s why many scientists believe winter temperatures on the Continent are as much as 36 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than those in North America at the same latitude. Frigid Boston, for example, lies at almost precisely the same latitude as balmy Rome. And some scientists say the heat also warms Americans and Canadians. “It’s a real mistake to think of this solely as a European phenomenon,”says Joyce.

I

Having given up its heat to the air, the now-cooler water becomes denser and sinks into the North Atlantic by a mile or more in a process oceanographers call thermohaline circulation. This massive column of cascading cold is the main engine powering a deepwater current called the Great Ocean Conveyor that snakes through all the world’s oceans. But as the North Atlantic fills with freshwater, it grows less dense, making the waters carried northward by the Gulf Stream less able to sink. The new mass of relatively freshwater sits on top of the ocean like a big thermal blanket, threatening the thermohaline circulation. That in turn could make the Gulf Stream slow or veer southward. At some point, the whole system could simply shut down, and do so quickly. “There is increasing evidence that we are getting closer to a transition point, from which we can jump to a new state. Small changes, such as a couple of years of heavy precipitation or melting ice at high latitudes, could yield a big response,” says Joyce.

J

“You have all this freshwater sitting at high latitudes, and it can literally take hundreds of years to get rid of it,” Joyce says. So while the globe as a whole gets warmer by tiny fractions of 1 degree Fahrenheit annually, the North Atlantic region could, in a decade, get up to 10 degrees colder. What worries researchers at Woods Hole is that history is on the side of rapid shutdown. They know it has happened before.

Questions 14-16

14 The writer mentions the paintings in the first two paragraphs to illustrate

A that the two paintings are immortalized

B people’s different opinions

C a possible climate change happened 12,000 years ago

D the possibility of a small ice age in the future.

15 Why is it hard for the poor to survive the next cooling period?

A because people can’t remove themselves from the major safety nets.

B because politicians are voting against the movement.

C because migration seems impossible for the reason of closed borders.

D because climate changes accelerate the process of moving southward.

16 Why is the winter temperature in continental Europe higher than that in North

America?

A because heat is brought to Europe with the wind flow.

B because the eastward movement of freshwater continues.

C because Boston and Rome are at the same latitude.

D because the ice formation happens in North America.

Questions 17-21

Match each statement with the correct person A-D in the box below

NB You may use any letter more than once.

17 A quick climate change wreaks great disruption.

18 Most Americans are not prepared for the next cooling period.

19 A case of a change of ocean water is mentioned in a conference.

20 Global warming urges the appearance of the ice age.

21 The temperature will not drop to the same degree as it used to be.

List of People

A Bob Dickson

B Terrene Joyce

C William Curry

D National Academy of Science

答案

14-16 DCA 17-21 DBABC

22. heat 23. denser 24. Great Ocean Conveyer 25. Freshwater 26. southward

Passage 3：澳大利亞土壤鹽堿化

一、單詞詞義(meaning)上的理解

這個理解層面是最基礎(chǔ)的(the most basic)。因為要讀懂一篇文章在說什么，自然要知道每句話的意思，但是每句話意思的理解(understanding)又是建立在每個單詞的理解上。所以我們說要做好閱讀，詞匯量一直都是強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)(importance)。精讀雅思閱讀文章，第一步就是把文章中的生詞都解決掉。換句話說，就是利用字典(dictionary)把文章中不認(rèn)識的單詞都查出來。我們以劍4上TEST1的PASSAGE1這篇文章為例(example)。這篇文章是講一個調(diào)查研究(investigation)關(guān)于孩子們對熱帶雨林的了解狀況。文章的第一句話Adults and children are frequently confronted with statements about the alarming rate of loss of tropical rainforests. 這句話中常見的不認(rèn)識的單詞可能有confronted, statements, alarming 和tropical rainforests. 所以要理解句子，我們就要把這幾個單詞的意思在字典中查找出來。Confront是指面臨、遭遇，statement是指聲明、陳述，alarming是指令人擔(dān)憂的，令人震驚的，tropical rainforest是指熱帶雨林。查找完這些詞的意思僅是第一步，因為光是把意思查找出來記憶(to memorize)并不深刻，所以建議(to suggest)大家可以準(zhǔn)備一本單詞本，專門記錄(to record)文章中不認(rèn)識的單詞。但是記錄下來還沒有完成文章詞義的理解，我們還要去具體分析(analyze)一下這些詞，尤其是動詞(verb)，要注意查找其同義詞和反義詞(opposite)。例如confront 這個詞是一個動詞，它的同義詞有encounter, 意思都有遭遇，對抗的意思，但是區(qū)別有encounter常用于軍事方面(army)。Statement是一個名詞(noun)，它是state加ment，由動詞state變成名詞，其同義詞有announcement、declaration等。而動詞state除了有聲明、陳述的意思以外，還有作為名詞州(state)、國家(country)以及形容詞國家的'，國有的，正式的等含義(meaning)。而alarming則是由動詞alarm加上ing變成形容詞，alarm的意思是恐嚇、警告，同時也有名詞意義為警報、恐慌。最后tropical的意思是熱帶的，tropical rainforest為熱帶雨林，那么可以引申出其他的類似(similar)詞匯，例如溫帶就是temperate zone, 寒帶就是frigid zone，極地就是polar region。

從一個詞匯可以引申出一系列(a series of)的詞匯，尤其是同義詞，這在以后的閱讀理解上也是非常有幫助的(helpful)，因為雅思閱讀很多時候都是在考察學(xué)生的 paraphrasing同義轉(zhuǎn)換的能力(ability)。所以如果在精讀詞匯的時候有意識的(conscious)去學(xué)習(xí)和認(rèn)識同義詞，對閱讀能力的提高(improvement)大有裨益。當(dāng)然在精讀的單詞挑選上我們也有一定的原則(rule)，并不是所有的單詞都值得去精讀。主要挑選的單詞最好是具有普遍(general)含義的動詞、形容詞，其次是副詞和名詞。而那些比較難比較偏的名詞是不適合精讀的，基本上以認(rèn)知為主就可以。

二、句子的分析和理解(understanding)

句子的分析和理解最好是結(jié)合題目來做。因為之前已經(jīng)做過題目也對過答案，因此對于答案與文章對應(yīng)的(correspondent)句子應(yīng)該有所了解，那么分析起來就更具有針對性。同樣以上文提到的文章為例。這篇文章的第四題是一道判斷題(judgment)，題目為The fact that children’s ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ideas means that it is easier to change them. 題目的意思是孩子們關(guān)于科學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)是融合在一個比較大的想法框架中的，這個事實(shí)意味著如果要改變孩子們的觀點(diǎn)也還是相對容易的。這道題目在文章中對對應(yīng)的相關(guān)句子是These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. 這句話是一句難句(a difficult sentence)，中間有不少的插入成分來影響(influence)我們對句子的理解，但是如果我們從句子主干開始分析，一步一步，就能把整個脈絡(luò)梳理清楚。這句話的主語是 misconceptions, 這些錯誤的觀點(diǎn)或想法，然后用了一個not….but…的結(jié)構(gòu)(structure)，告示我們這種錯誤(mistake)的觀點(diǎn)不會是一直孤立的(isolated)，而是會合并到一個框架體系(system)中，framework之前的multifaceted, but organized, conceptual都是修飾這個framework的特征的(characteristic)，也就是這個框架體系是多方面的，有序的以及有概念(concept)系統(tǒng)的。接下來的句子則要理解2個代詞所指代的意義，一個是making it 中的it, 還有一個是some of which 中的which. It 指的是一個單數(shù)名詞(single noun)概念，而它之前就一個單數(shù)名詞，就是framework, 而which 前離它最近的名詞是ideas，所以它所指代的就是component ideas. 搞清楚了這2個代詞所指代的內(nèi)容，后面半句話也就容易理解了，意思是可以使這個概念體系及構(gòu)成這個體系的思想(mind)——其中一部分是錯誤的——更加健全，同時也更加容易得到修正(revised)。從這個分析上來看，題目的意思和文章相關(guān)句子的意思一致，所以判斷題目是TRUE，正確的。因此要分析清楚雅思閱讀文章的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，最有效的方法還是從句子的主干著手，然后再分析其修飾成分(mortified)，然后再用中文的思路去組織句意。當(dāng)然重點(diǎn)分析的句子還是以與題目相關(guān)的句子為主，有些比較簡單的句子就不需要花太多時間(too much time)。

三、文章宏觀結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析(analysis)

這一點(diǎn)是一個更高程度的精讀要求(requirement)，是對基礎(chǔ)比較好的學(xué)生來說應(yīng)該去學(xué)會的一種精讀方法(way)。雅思閱讀文章大多是學(xué)術(shù)類氣息濃厚的文章，因此多以說明文和議論文為主，而內(nèi)容上也多關(guān)于調(diào)查研究報告，實(shí)驗結(jié)果，課題研究以及其他自然(nature)原理現(xiàn)象說明的內(nèi)容。所以文章結(jié)構(gòu)很多會有類似(similar)。如果能分析出相似題材的文章結(jié)構(gòu)(essay structure)，那么對做目前來說大家都頭疼的段落細(xì)節(jié)配對題(matching)是有很大的幫助的。同樣以雨林那篇文章為例。這篇文章是比較典型的(typical)調(diào)查研究報告類說明文，文章的結(jié)構(gòu)脈絡(luò)比較清晰(clear)。在經(jīng)過上面兩步驟的精讀后，對文章的內(nèi)容理解應(yīng)該已經(jīng)不成問題，現(xiàn)在要做的就是去掉外皮，將其骨骼提煉出來。文章分為11個小段落(paragraph)，前3段是調(diào)查研究的背景(background)介紹，后面的4到9段介紹了調(diào)查的具體內(nèi)容，也就是5個開放式問題孩子們給出的答案及分析，最后2段進(jìn)行了總結(jié)(summary)和對接下來調(diào)查的預(yù)期(prediction)。所以文章的總體結(jié)構(gòu)和調(diào)查研究報告類文章是類似的，背景介紹——調(diào)查具體內(nèi)容結(jié)果——總結(jié)51ielts預(yù)測，以后如果遇到類似的調(diào)查研究報告類文章最有可能的(impossible)行文結(jié)構(gòu)也是這樣，那么如果出了相關(guān)的段落細(xì)節(jié)配對題就可以利用文章結(jié)構(gòu)快速定位(locate)相關(guān)的段落然后再進(jìn)行選擇，有了正確的范圍(scope)，那么正確率也就大大提高了。

第一、明確答案的字?jǐn)?shù)限制。

對字?jǐn)?shù)限制的要求會出現(xiàn)在題目要求中，通常是以“NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS”或“NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER”的形式出現(xiàn)，因此大家要仔細(xì)閱讀題目要求。

第二、閱讀題目，劃出題干中出現(xiàn)的定位詞，并對所填答案的詞性或其他特征進(jìn)行預(yù)判。

劃出的定位詞應(yīng)具備以下兩個特點(diǎn)：①不容易被同義替換;②特征明顯、易于查找。對于所填答案的詞性或其他相關(guān)特征，大家可通過特殊疑問詞及其在句中所指代的成分進(jìn)行判斷。

第三，根據(jù)題干定位詞回原文查找相關(guān)答案信息出現(xiàn)的地方。

只有定位詞出現(xiàn)的地方才有可能出現(xiàn)題目答案，所以大家應(yīng)重視訓(xùn)練自己的快速定位能力。

第四，定位到答案信息后，閱讀定位詞所在的原文內(nèi)容，結(jié)合對所填答案特征的預(yù)判確定最終的題目答案。

同學(xué)們應(yīng)認(rèn)真閱讀讀懂定位到的原文內(nèi)容，確認(rèn)該原文內(nèi)容與題干是否構(gòu)成同義表述，在構(gòu)成同義表述的原文內(nèi)容中找出應(yīng)填答案，并確保所填答案與題目的內(nèi)容要求相一致。除此之外，還應(yīng)再確認(rèn)一下所填答案的特征或詞性是否與自己的預(yù)判。