自學(xué)考試英語專業(yè)“歐洲文化入門”串講資料l 希臘羅馬 Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric poetAeschylus Tragic dramatist Sophocles Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist Arostophoes Comedy writer Herodotus Greeks and Persians Father of the history Thucydides Athens and Sparta， Syracuse historian Pythagoras All things were numbers Heracleitue Fire is the primary element Democritus Materialist ， atomic Socrates Dissect of oneself， virtue was high worth of life， dialectical method Plato Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general ideas Aristotle Direct observation， theory follow fact， idea and matter together made concrete individual realities Euclid geometrist Others Diogenes， Pyrrhon， Epicurus philosophy Cicero Far less rhetorical， but colloquial and intimate Prose writer Caesar I came， I saw， I conquered Prose writer Lucretius On the nature of things poet Virgil -Aeneas-tragic hero 4th century .后半葉希臘在Alexander，king of Macedon的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下，5th century .達(dá)到頂峰，.被羅馬攻克。 l 基督教和圣經(jīng) Jews—以前叫Hebrews，.穿過中東沙漠，帶領(lǐng)Hebrews離開埃及，開始他們的Exodus，他在 Sinai山定了ten commandments in the name of God，40年后Hebrews定居Pelestine， known as Canaan，Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament， 6th century .，他們在Babylon形成synagogue(憂太集會)來發(fā)揚(yáng)他們的教義。 Jesus生活在第一個羅馬帝國Augustus， Emperor Constantine 1于313年宣布基督教合法，Emperor Theodosius于393年宣布基督教為國教。 Hebrew人的歷史口頭傳送記入the old Testament，舊約包含39本書，寫了從.的事情，最重要的前五本是Pentateuch，舊約主要由 Hebrew寫成，the New Testment主要是Greek的形式，包含14本書，最古老的Latin Bible叫Vulgate，在1382年被John Wycliff翻譯成了英語，Greek Bible叫Septuagint l 中世紀(jì) 開始于476西羅馬帝國得衰敗 5-11世紀(jì) 在文化上繼承了Roman culture，出現(xiàn)了Hebrew and Gothic culture feudalism主要是一種system of land holding，for exchanging military service，它還是一種local and decentralized government 1045，教堂分裂為the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church 反擊Moslems，開始了Crusades Charles Martel給士兵們estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas Aquinas寫了The Summa Theologica總結(jié)了中世紀(jì)神學(xué)的所有知識并形成了系統(tǒng)，他認(rèn)為feudal hierarchy of society is God‘s rule The power of feudal rulers is God‘s will Pope is Crist‘s Plenipotentiary 中世紀(jì)封建社會的人主要分為三個等級：clergy， lords， peasants Charlemagne and Alfred the Great encouraged learning by setting up monastery schools. They copied various ancient books and translated the Latin works into the vernacular. l 文藝復(fù)興與宗教改革 Boccaccio Decameron Cervantes Don Quixote(crowned literature of Spain) Petrarch Sonnet，father of modern poetry Da Vinci Artist in Italy Michelangelo Artist in Italy Raphael Known for his Madonna Artist in Italy Titian Oil color Artist in Italy Ronsard France Rabelais Cargantua and Pantagruel France Montaigne The Essais France Thomas More Utopia Shakespeare crowned literature of England Copernicus The father of modern astronomy Vesalius The founder of modern medicine Anatomy Aldus Manutius The foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of political science Political sciencehistoriography Dante Vosari others Giotto，Brunelleschi，Donatello，Giorgione，Spencer， Bacon artists Reformation was led by Martin Luther. 它主張用the Bible的絕對權(quán)威取代the Roman Catholic Church的絕對權(quán)威，這促進(jìn)了資本主義的發(fā)展。 1492， Columbus發(fā)現(xiàn)了America 1487，Dias發(fā)現(xiàn)了the cape of good hope 1497，da Gama發(fā)現(xiàn)了繞過好望角去印度的航線 英國在Elizabeth I的統(tǒng)治下達(dá)到鼎盛時期 宗教改革以后，基督教分裂為：the Protestant and the Roman Catholic Humanism是文藝復(fù)興時代的靈魂思想 l 17世紀(jì) Leibniz Distinguishes three levels of understandingcaculaus Milton Areopagitica， English revolution Bacon Knowledge is power England Descartes I think therefore I am France Corneille FrenchNeoclassicismdramatists Racine Moliere Locke 很多科學(xué)器械在被發(fā)明：microscope， telescope， thermometer， barometer， pendulum Bacon認(rèn)為哲學(xué)應(yīng)該與神學(xué)分開 Leibniz區(qū)別了人的三種理解程度，自我意識，意識，潛意識(無意識) Bacon反對deductive method，創(chuàng)立了inductive method Hobbes認(rèn)為最好的統(tǒng)治方式是monarchy 1689，the Bill of Rights建立了the Parliament至高無上的權(quán)利 英國大革命中，Cromwell帶領(lǐng)行動 Milton提供思想 法國最著名的建筑：Palace of Versailles Garden Front East Front of the Louvre 英國最著名建筑：St. Paul‘s Cathedral 17th：physics， mathematics 18th：chemistry 19th：biology 20th：psychology French classicism Baroque art Newton Galileo l 啟蒙運(yùn)動 Diderot France Montesquieu Separation of powers Voltaire Hobbes Social contract Locke Social contract Rousseau Swift Defoe Henry Fielding Samuel Richardson The founder of English domestic noval Lessing German dramastistGerman classicim Goethe schiller Kant Waterhead of modern philosophyPropose the nebular hypothesis Pope poet lexicographer ChristianityMajor musicians of the musical Englithenment Handel Haydn Classical period Viennese school Mozart Beethoven Romantic Movement 18世紀(jì)兩大著名運(yùn)動：The American War of Independence(1776) The Declaration of Independence The French Revolution(1789) Declaration of the Rights of Man Rococo藝術(shù)的典型建筑代表：Hotel de Soubise Addison， Steele在期刊The Tatler ， The Spectator上發(fā)表論文 The Enlightenment Rococo art