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Hydropower station buildingHydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics.The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a formη by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head.Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms.Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using.The way -- formed head hydropower development mode.A, dam type hydropower stationIn river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station.(a) hydropower dam type characteristic(1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m.(2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing.(3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded.Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions.(2) hydropower dam type of form1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any)- general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built.For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below.-- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem;- building height depends on the discretion of the head.-- quote large flow, head low.-- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc.2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power)-- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam.- general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river.-- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance.- such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station.The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen.Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now)In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station.Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above.(2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer.(3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low.Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel)(2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel)Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets.1. No pressure water type power stationWater diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copyMain buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals.2. Have pressure water type power stationThe building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how)Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash水電站建筑物 水電站是利用水能資源發(fā)電的場(chǎng)所，是水、機(jī)、電的綜合體。其中為了實(shí)現(xiàn)水力發(fā)電，用來控制水流的建筑物稱為水電站建筑物。本篇主要討論水電站引水系統(tǒng)的布置、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和水力計(jì)算；水電站廠區(qū)樞紐的布置設(shè)計(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。 水電站的基本開發(fā)方式及其布置形式由N = 9.81ηQH可知，要發(fā)電必須有流量和水頭，關(guān)鍵是形成水頭。要充分利用河流的水能資源，首先要使水電站的上、下游形成一定的落差，構(gòu)成發(fā)電水頭。因此就開發(fā)河流水能的水電站而言，按其集中水頭的方式不同分為壩式、引水式和混合式三種基本方式。抽水蓄能電站和潮汐電站也是水能利用的重要型式。形成水頭方式——水電站的開發(fā)方式。一、壩式水電站在河流峽谷處攔河筑壩，壩前雍水，在壩址處形成集中落差，這種開發(fā)方式為壩式開發(fā)。在壩址處引取上游水庫中水流，通過設(shè)在水電站廠房?jī)?nèi)的水輪機(jī)，發(fā)電后將尾水引至下游原河道，上下游的水位差即是水電站所獲取的水頭。用壩集中水頭的水電站稱為壩式水電站。(一) 壩式水電站特點(diǎn)(1) 壩式水電站的水頭取決于壩高。目前壩式水電站的最大水頭不超過300m。 (2) 壩式水電站的引用流量較大，電站的規(guī)模也大，水能利用較充分。(由于筑壩，上游形成的水庫，可以用來調(diào)節(jié)流量）目前世界上裝機(jī)容量超過2 000MW的巨型水電站大都是壩式水電站。此外壩式水電站水庫的綜合利用效益高，可同時(shí)滿足防洪、發(fā)電、供水等興利要求。(3) 壩式水電站的投資大，工期長(zhǎng)。原因：工程規(guī)模大，水庫造成的淹沒范圍大，遷移人口多。適用：河道坡降較緩，流量較大，并有筑壩建庫的條件。(二) 壩式水電站的形式1．河床式電站(power station in river channel)—— 一般修建在河道中下游河道縱坡平緩的河段上，為避免大量淹沒，建低壩或閘?！?適用水頭：大中型：25米以下，小型：8~10米以下?！獜S房和擋水壩并排建在河床中，共同擋水，故廠房也有抗滑穩(wěn)定問題；——廠房高度取決于水頭的高低。——引用流量大、水頭低?！饕ǎ簱跛畨?、泄水壩、廠房、船閘、魚道等。2．壩后式水電站(power staion at dam toe)——當(dāng)水頭較大時(shí)，廠房本身抵抗不了水的推力，將廠房移到壩后，由大壩擋水?！獕魏笫剿娬疽话阈藿ㄔ诤恿鞯闹猩嫌?。——庫容較大，調(diào)節(jié)性能好?！鐬橥翂?，可修建河岸式電站?！e世矚目的三峽水電站就是壩后式水電站，其裝機(jī)容量為18 200MW。二、引水式水電站(diversion type power station)在河流坡降陡的河段上筑一低壩(或無壩)取水，通過人工修建的引水道(渠道、隧洞、管道)引水到河段下游，集中落差，再經(jīng)壓力管道引水到水輪機(jī)進(jìn)行發(fā)電。用引水道集中水頭的電站稱為引水式水電站。特點(diǎn)：(1) 水頭相對(duì)較高，目前最大水頭已達(dá)2000米以上。(2) 引用流量較小，沒有水庫調(diào)節(jié)徑流，水量利用率較低，綜合利用價(jià)值較差。(3) 電站庫容很小，基本無水庫淹沒損失，工程量較小，單位造價(jià)較低。類型：(1) 無壓引水式(free flow)：引水道是無壓的(如明渠)(2) 有壓引水式(pressure flow)：引水道是有壓的(壓力隧洞)適用條件： 適合河道坡降較陡，流量較小的山區(qū)性河段。1． 無壓引水式電站 引水建筑物是無壓的：明渠(open channel)、無壓隧洞(free flow tunnel)主要建筑物：低壩，進(jìn)水口，沉沙池，引水渠(洞)，日調(diào)節(jié)池，壓力前池，壓力水管，廠房，尾水渠。2．有壓引水式電站 引水建筑物是有壓的：壓力隧洞(pressure tunnel) 主要建筑物：低壩，引水隧洞(有壓)，調(diào)壓室，壓力水管，廠房，尾水渠
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石油瀝青紙?zhí)ビ蜌?、油?Paper base petroleum asphalt felt asphalt paper 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 總則 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing—The general rules 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 浸涂材料含量 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing—Saturated and coated bitumen amount of asphalt 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 不透水性 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing— Water impermeability of asphalt 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 吸水性 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing — Water absorption of asphalt 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 耐熱度 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing—Heat resistance of asphalt 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 拉力 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing—Tensile strength of asphalt 瀝青防水卷材試驗(yàn)方法 柔度 Test methods for asphalt waterproof roll roofing—Flexibility of asphalt 環(huán)形鋼筋混凝土電桿 Circular reinforced concrete pole 抗硫酸鹽硅酸鹽水泥 Sulfate resistance portland cement 水泥抗硫酸鹽侵蝕試驗(yàn)方法 Sulphate resistance test for cement 水泥壓蒸安定性試驗(yàn)方法 Autoclave method for soundness of portland cement 礦渣硅酸鹽水泥、火山灰質(zhì)硅酸鹽水泥及粉煤灰硅酸鹽水泥 Portland blastfurnace-slag cement, portland pozzolana cement and portland fly-ash cement 水泥細(xì)度檢驗(yàn)方法 (μm篩篩析法) Test method for fineness of cement--The μm sieve 水泥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)稠度用水量、凝結(jié)時(shí)間、安定性檢驗(yàn)方法 Standard test method for water requirement of normal consistency setting time and soundness of the portland cement 纖維增強(qiáng)塑料性能試驗(yàn)方法總則 The generals of test methods for properties of fiber-reinforced plastics 玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料拉伸性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for tensile properties of glass fiber-reinforced plastics 玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料壓縮性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for compressive properties of glass fiber-reinforced plastics 玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料彎曲性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for flexural properties of glass fiber-reinforced plastics 玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料層間剪切強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for interlaminar shear strength of glass fiber-reinforced plastics 玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料沖壓式剪切強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for the punch-type of strength of glass fiber-reinforced plastics 玻璃纖維增強(qiáng)塑料簡(jiǎn)支梁式?jīng)_擊韌性試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for the charpy impact resistance of glass fiber-reinforced plastics 非金屬夾層結(jié)構(gòu)平拉強(qiáng)度試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for flatwise tension strength of nonmetal sandwich constructions 非金屬夾層結(jié)構(gòu)或芯子平壓性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for flatwise compression properties of nonmetal sandwich constructions or cores 夾層結(jié)構(gòu)側(cè)壓性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for edgewise compressive properties of sandwich constructions 夾層結(jié)構(gòu)或芯子剪切性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for shear properties of sandwich constructions or cores 夾層結(jié)構(gòu)彎曲性能試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for flexural properties of sandwich constructions 夾層結(jié)構(gòu)滾筒剝離試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for climbing drum peel of sandwich constructions 纖維纏繞增強(qiáng)塑料環(huán)形試樣拉伸試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for tensile strength of ring of filament- winding reinforced plastics 纖維纏繞增強(qiáng)塑料環(huán)形試樣剪切試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for interlaminar shear strength of ring of filament-winding reinforced plastics 纖維增強(qiáng)塑料吸水性試驗(yàn)方法 Test methods for water absorption of fiber reinforced plastics 纖維增強(qiáng)塑料密度和相對(duì)密度試驗(yàn)方法 Test methods for density and relative density of fiber reinforced plastics 非金屬夾層結(jié)構(gòu)或芯子密度試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for density of nonmetal sandwich constructions or cores 用于水泥和混凝土中的粉煤灰 Fly ash used for cement and concrete 白色硅酸鹽水泥 White portland cement 白色硅酸鹽水泥白度試驗(yàn)方法 Test method for whiteness of white portland cement 水泥水化熱試驗(yàn)方法 (直接法) Test method for heat of hydration of cement--Adiabatic method 水泥膠砂流動(dòng)度測(cè)定方法 Test method for fluidity of cement mortar 水泥抗硫酸鹽侵蝕快速試驗(yàn)方法 Rapid test for sulphate resistance of cement 砌墻磚試驗(yàn)方法 Test methods for wall bricks cement handling 氣動(dòng)水泥裝卸air centrifuge 空氣離心機(jī)air chamber 空氣室air change 換氣air channel 風(fēng)道air chimney 通風(fēng)管air chipper 風(fēng)鏟air chute 通風(fēng)道air circulation 空氣循環(huán);送風(fēng)air classification 空氣風(fēng)力分離air cleaner 空氣凈化器air cleaner hair 濾氧器發(fā)卷air cleaner inlet 空氣凈化器air cleaning facility 空氣凈化設(shè)施air cleaning unit 空氣凈化器air cock 放氣旋塞air coil 氣冷蛇形盤管air collector 集氣罐air column 空氣柱air compressing machine 空氣壓縮機(jī)air compressor 空氣壓縮機(jī)air condenser 空氣冷凝器air condition 空氣調(diào)節(jié)設(shè)備air conditioned building 裝有空調(diào)的建筑air conditioned ceiling 通風(fēng)頂棚air conditioned space 空調(diào)室air conditioner 空調(diào)機(jī)air conditioning chamber 空調(diào)室air conditioning custshaft 空調(diào)管道井a(chǎn)ir conditioning engineering 空調(diào)工程air conditioning equipment 空調(diào)設(shè)備air conditioning inlet 空調(diào)口air conditioning installation 空調(diào)裝置air conditioning load 空調(diào)負(fù)荷air conditioning lock 空調(diào)氣閘air conditioning plant 空調(diào)設(shè)備air conditioning space 空調(diào)空間air conditioning station 中心空調(diào)站air conditioning system 空調(diào)系統(tǒng)air conditioning unit 空調(diào)器air conductivity 透氣性air conduit 風(fēng)管;空氣管道air connection 連接管air consumption 空氣消耗量air container 儲(chǔ)氣器air contaminant 空氣污染物air content test 含氣量試驗(yàn)air conveyer 壓縮空氣輸送器air conveying line 氣動(dòng)輸送管路air coolant 冷卻空氣air cooled 空氣冷卻的air cooled chiller unit 氣冷式冷卻機(jī)組air cooled compressor 氣冷式壓縮機(jī)air cooled condenser 氣冷式空氣冷凝器air cooling 空氣冷卻air cooling coil 氣冷盤管air cooling dehumidifier 空氣冷卻去濕裝置air crossing 井下交叉風(fēng)道air cured 空氣養(yǎng)護(hù)的;用空氣處理的air curtain 空氣幕air curtain door installation 空氣幕設(shè)備air curtain door unit 空氣幕設(shè)備air curtain doorway 門前熱風(fēng)幕air curtain installation 空氣幕設(shè)備air curtain unit 空氣幕設(shè)備air cushion 氣墊air cushion car 氣墊車air cushion shock absorber 氣墊減震器air cycle efficiency 空氣循環(huán)效率air cycle equipment 空氣循環(huán)設(shè)備air damped 空氣減震air damper 擋風(fēng)板;風(fēng)閥air dashpot 空氣緩沖器air defence work 防空工程air deflector 空氣偏導(dǎo)器air dehumidifier 空氣干燥器air delivery 風(fēng)動(dòng)輸送air demand 需氣量air demolition pick 風(fēng)鎬air demolition pick hammer 風(fēng)鎬air diffuser 空氣擴(kuò)散器air diffusing 空氣擴(kuò)散air diffusing equipment 空氣擴(kuò)散裝置air diffusing outlet 空氣擴(kuò)散;散流口air diffusion aerator 空氣擴(kuò)散式曝氣裝置air diffusion method 壓縮空氣曝氣法air diffusivity 空氣擴(kuò)散率air diffusor 空氣擴(kuò)散器air digger 風(fēng)鏟air discharge 排氣air discharge equipment 排氣設(shè)備air distribution 空氣分布;配風(fēng)air distribution equipment 空氣分配設(shè)備;配風(fēng)裝置air distribution line 空氣分布管道;配風(fēng)支管air distribution outlet 空氣分布口;配風(fēng)口air distribution system 空氣分配系統(tǒng)air distributor 送風(fēng)口;空氣分配器air ditch 明渠;通氣道air dolly 氣壓頂鉚器air dome 充氣帳蓬air door 氣門;風(fēng)門air draft 通風(fēng);氣流air drag tachometer 氣阻式轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)計(jì)air drain 通風(fēng)道air draught 通氣;氣流air drier 空氣干燥器air drifted drill 風(fēng)鉆air drill 風(fēng)鉆air drill hammer 風(fēng)鉆air drome 飛機(jī)場(chǎng)air drum 儲(chǔ)氣器;空氣收集器air dry 空氣干燥air dry density 風(fēng)干密度air drying clear varish 風(fēng)干清漆air drying machine 空氣干燥機(jī)air drying varish 風(fēng)干清漆air duct installation 風(fēng)道安裝air duct riser 送風(fēng)立管air duct system 風(fēng)道系統(tǒng)air ducting 風(fēng)道air ductwork 風(fēng)道air dump car 氣動(dòng)傾卸車air dydraulic jack 氣-液千斤頂air earth hammer 氣動(dòng)打夯機(jī)air eddy 空氣渦流air ejection 氣動(dòng)脫模air ejector 抽氣器air elimination 除氣air eliminator 除氣器air elutriation 空氣淘析air entrained 加氣的air entrained concrete 摻氣混凝土air entrainer 起泡劑air entraining agent 引氣劑air entraining concrete 加氣混凝土air entrainment meter 含氣量測(cè)定儀air entrapment 滯留空氣;內(nèi)部氣泡air entrapping structure 多孔結(jié)構(gòu)air equipment 空氣分配設(shè)備;配風(fēng)裝置air evaporation 空氣蒸發(fā)air exit 排風(fēng)口air extractor 抽氣器air face 空氣表面;背水面;下游面air fast 不透風(fēng)的air faucet 氣嘴;氣旋塞air feed 送氣;供氣air fence 導(dǎo)流柵air field 飛機(jī)場(chǎng)air filter 空氣過濾器air fixture 通風(fēng)裝置air float 氣動(dòng)抹灰工具air floated powder 氣溶粉塵air floor heating 熱風(fēng)地板采暖air flow 氣流;氣量;風(fēng)量air flue 氣道air foam 泡沫air foil 風(fēng)道;煙道air force 空氣動(dòng)力;風(fēng)力air fountain 氣泉air fractionation 風(fēng)動(dòng)分級(jí)air freezing 空氣凍結(jié)air freight building 航空貨運(yùn)廳air friction 空氣摩擦air funnel 通風(fēng)筒air furnace 熱風(fēng)采暖爐air gate 空氣門air gauge 氣壓計(jì)air gauging 氣壓計(jì)air glass block 通風(fēng)玻璃塊air governor 送風(fēng)調(diào)節(jié)器air grate 通風(fēng)篦子air grille 通風(fēng)花窗air grinder 風(fēng)動(dòng)磨頭;氣動(dòng)砂輪機(jī)air grit 通風(fēng)格柵air gun 噴漆槍air hammer 氣錘;打樁機(jī)air hammer drill 風(fēng)錘鉆air hammer rockdrill 風(fēng)錘鉆air handling 通風(fēng);換氣air handling area 通風(fēng)面積air handling ceiling 通風(fēng)天花板air handling connection 通風(fēng)連接管air handling ducting 管道通風(fēng)air handling equipment 通風(fēng)設(shè)備air handling fixture 通訊裝置air handling glass brick 通風(fēng)玻璃磚air handling installation 通風(fēng)裝置air handling lighting fixture 通訊裝置air handling line 通風(fēng)管道air handling opening 通風(fēng)孔air handling panel 通風(fēng)板air handling piece 通風(fēng)配件air handling pipe 通風(fēng)管air harbor 航空港air hardenable 氣硬的air hardening lime 氣硬性石灰air hardening steel 氣冷鋼;正火鋼air hawser 大型運(yùn)輸滑翔機(jī)air header 空氣立管air heading 通風(fēng)坑道air heat 空氣加熱air heater 空氣加熱器air heating 空氣加熱air heating installation 空氣加熱設(shè)備air heating plant 空氣加熱設(shè)備air heating radiator 熱風(fēng)采暖器air heating system 空氣加熱系統(tǒng)air heating unit 空氣加熱機(jī)組
米拉妹妹12
給排水正確發(fā)音：【jǐ pái shuǐ】英文：water supply and drainage日文：給排水（きゅうはいすい）給排水：是指給水系統(tǒng)和排水系統(tǒng)的簡(jiǎn)稱 。 給水工程 為居民和廠、礦、運(yùn)輸企業(yè)供應(yīng)生活、生產(chǎn)用水的工程。由給水水源、取水構(gòu)筑物、輸水道、給水處理廠和給水管網(wǎng)組成，具有取集和輸送原水、改善水質(zhì)的作用。①給水水源。有地表水、地下水和再用水。地表水主要指江河、湖泊、水庫和海洋的水，水量充沛，是城市和工廠用水的主要水源，但水質(zhì)易受環(huán)境污染；地下水水質(zhì)潔凈，水溫穩(wěn)定，是良好的飲用水水源；再用水是工業(yè)用水的重復(fù)使用或循環(huán)使用，先進(jìn)國家的工業(yè)用水中約60％～80％是再用水。② 取水構(gòu)筑物。 有地表水取水構(gòu)筑物和地下水取水構(gòu)筑物之分。前者是從江河、湖泊、水庫、海洋等地表水取水的設(shè)備，一般包括取水頭部、進(jìn)水管、集水井和水泵房；后者是從地下含水層取集表層滲透水、潛水、承壓水和泉水等地下水的構(gòu)筑物，有管井、大口井、輻射井、滲渠、泉室等類型，其提水設(shè)備為深井泵或深井潛水泵。③輸水道。從遠(yuǎn)距離水源輸水到用水地點(diǎn)的整個(gè)輸水系統(tǒng)，包括管道、明渠、暗渠和橋梁、隧道等。④給水處理廠。將原水進(jìn)行處理以達(dá)到用水水質(zhì)要求的工廠，有時(shí)稱自來水廠或水廠，由泵房、化學(xué)劑投加設(shè)備、水處理構(gòu)筑物、儲(chǔ)存成品水的清水池及化驗(yàn)室等建筑物組成。⑤給水管網(wǎng)。向用戶輸水和配水的管道系統(tǒng)，由管道、配件和附屬設(shè)施組成。管道常用鑄鐵管、鋼管和預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土管。配件有閘閥、排氣閥和排水閥等。附屬設(shè)備有調(diào)節(jié)構(gòu)筑物（水塔、水池）和給水泵站。排水工程 排除人類生活污水和生產(chǎn)中的各種廢水、多余的地面水的工程。由排水管系（或溝道）、廢水處理廠和最終處理設(shè)施組成。通常還包括抽升設(shè)施（如排水泵站） 。① 排水管系。收集和輸送廢水（污水）的管網(wǎng)，有合流管系和分流管系。合流管系只有一個(gè)排水系統(tǒng)，雨水和污水用同一管道排輸。分流管系有兩個(gè)排水系統(tǒng)：雨水系統(tǒng)收集雨水和冷卻水等污染程度很低、不經(jīng)過處理直接排入水體的工業(yè)廢水，其管道稱雨水管道；污水系統(tǒng)收集生活污水及需要處理后才能排入水體的工業(yè)廢水，其管道稱污水管道。②廢水處理廠。包括沉淀池、沉沙池、曝氣池、生物濾池、澄清池等設(shè)施及泵站、化驗(yàn)室、污泥脫水機(jī)房、修理工廠等建筑，廢水處理的一般目標(biāo)是去除懸浮物和改善耗氧性，有時(shí)還進(jìn)行消毒和進(jìn)一步處理。③最終處理設(shè)施。視不同的排水對(duì)象設(shè)有水泵或其他提水機(jī)械，將經(jīng)過處理廠處理滿足規(guī)定的排放要求的廢水，排入水體或排放在土地上。
麥兜愛李公主
補(bǔ)充更正一下樓上的：給排水是前蘇聯(lián)的叫法~一直沿用到現(xiàn)在~但英文里為：英文:Water and waste water Engineering不只包括給水工程和排水工程~還有建水~中水~大部分院校還要學(xué)習(xí)暖通空調(diào)專業(yè)和環(huán)境專業(yè)的相關(guān)知識(shí)~
魔羯女悠悠
Hydropower station building Hydropower station is generating using water resources, is water, place a complex of machine, electricity. Among them in order to achieve the hydroelectric power, is used to control the flow of buildings called hydropower station buildings. This mainly discuss the layout, hydropower diversion system structure design and hydraulic calculation; Hydropower plant layout design and hub of the structure characteristics. The basic development mode and hydropower decorate a form η by N = 9.81 QH knowable, to power must flow and head, the key is to form a head. Take full advantage of the river's water resources of hydropower station, the first to make, downstream formed certain gap, constitute power head. So for the river water hydropower development, according to the different ways of centralized head into dam type, diversion type and hybrid three basic forms. Pumped-storage power station and the tides of hydropower station is an important type using. The way -- formed head hydropower development mode. A, dam type hydropower station In river canyon place dammed rivers, in front of the dam harmony water, the dam site, form concentrated gap, this development way as the dam type development. In reservoir upstream dam site of the led take, through the workshop in hydropower station turbine generating tail water, after which leads to the river downstream, upstream and downstream water level difference is obtained that the head hydropower. With the centralized head hydropower dam called dam type hydropower station. (a) hydropower dam type characteristic (1) the head hydropower dam type depends on the dam is high. At present the biggest head hydropower dam type does not exceed the correlation between 300m. (2) dam type of hydropower station is larger, the power station quoted flow water use, scale is fully. (because the reservoir formation DAMS, upstream, can be used to adjust flow) in the world at present more than two 000MW installed capacity of large scale hydropower station is mostly dam type hydropower station. Besides dam type the comprehensive utilization of hydropower reservoir with high benefit, but at the same time satisfy the flood control, power generation, and water demand bringing. (3) hydropower dam type, attentions investment. Reason: engineering with large size, caused by the large range of reservoir, migrants flooded. Application: slower, flow channel slope, and a large DAMS built libraries conditions. (2) hydropower dam type of form 1. The riverbed type power station (power in river now any) - general built in the middle ZongPo gentle river channel, to avoid massive river flooded low dam or sluice gate, built. For large and medium-sized: head: -- 25 meters below, small: 8 ~ 10 meters below. -- plant and block dam built on the riverbed side-by-side, common retaining water, reason workshop also have sliding stability problem; - building height depends on the discretion of the head. -- quote large flow, head low. -- mainly includes: block DAMS, xiang-jia-ba dam, workshops, lock, the fishway etc. 2. Type of hydropower station dam at dam toe staion (power) -- when head is bigger, workshop itself can not withstand the water thrust, will plant moved to dam by retaining water after the dam. - general dam type hydropower station built on the upper-middle river. -- is larger, the capacity of the regulation performance. - such as can be built for volumetric, Banks type power station. The three gorges hydropower station -- high-profile dam type hydropower station is, its an installed capacity of 200MW for eighteen. Second, water diversion type power of hydropower station (now) In rivers on the slope steep river build one low dam (or no dam) water, through the man-made YinShuiDao (channel, tunnel, pipeline) river diversion to downstream, and centralized divide pressure pipeline, then after water diversion to turbine to conduct electricity. YinShuiDao concentrated with the power station called water head of hydropower station. Characteristics: (1) head is relative taller, and the biggest head has reached 2,000 meters above. (2) quoted flow small, no reservoir water runoff regulation, lower utilization rate, comprehensive utilization value is poorer. (3) power station capacity is very small, basic no reservoir submerged loss, quantity is lesser, unit cost is low. Type: (1) no pressure water type (free) : YinShuiDao is blunt without pressure (such as channel) (2) there is pressure water type (pressure YinShuiDao blunt) : there is pressure (pressure tunnel) Applicable condition: suitable for river channel slope steep, flow of smaller mountain OuXing inlets. 1. No pressure water type power station Water diversion buildings is without pressure: any open channel (open), blunt free-flow tunnel (how) copy Main buildings: low dam, inlet, settling basin, pont du gard (hole), daily regulation pool, pressure, pressure conduit previous pool, plant, water discharge canals. 2. Have pressure water type power station The building is a pressure diversion tunnel (pressure stress how) Main buildings: low dam, diversion tunnel (pressure), surge chamber pressure conduit, factory, and ash
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