ambiguous, obscure, vague, unclear, dim 這一組形容詞都有"模糊"的意思。ambiguous a.意義含糊的，有歧義的，指因字、詞、句有歧義而使人感到模糊不清、難以理解和把握。His ambiguous directions confused us; we did not know which of the two roads to take.他的模棱兩可的指導(dǎo)使我們很迷惑以至于我們不知道該走哪條路了。obscure a.用于表達(dá)因光線不足而使人看不清楚。該詞的引申意義可以表示語法、文字、記憶等因復(fù)雜、深?yuàn)W、模棱兩可而使人看不懂和無法理解。The poetry of Ezra Pound is sometimes difficult to understand because it contains so many obscure references.艾茲拉?龐德的詩有時(shí)候難以理解，因?yàn)樵姼柚泻性S多令人費(fèi)解的典故。vague a.含混的，不清楚的，多用于比喻意義，用來表示因邏輯關(guān)系不清、言辭籠統(tǒng)而導(dǎo)致的意義不清楚，該詞也可表示輪廓形狀的不清楚和模糊。He has some vague ideas about what to do, but nothing specific.他大概知道他要做什么，但沒有具體的計(jì)劃。unclear a.指句意、字跡不清楚，使人難以看懂；不肯定的。Unclear writing is difficult to understand.模糊的字跡使人難以辨認(rèn)。It is unclear whether the economy will get better.經(jīng)濟(jì)是否好轉(zhuǎn)仍不明朗。dim a.光線暗淡的，看不清的；記憶力模糊的；不大可能的。Don't work in dim light.不要在昏暗的光線下工作。His changes of recovery from illness are dim.他康復(fù)的可能性十分渺茫。amplify, enlarge, stretch, magnify, reinforce, expandamplify v.擴(kuò)大，增加，尤其指通過增強(qiáng)電壓或電流使聲音擴(kuò)大；補(bǔ)充敘述(故事、事件等)。We must ask you to amplify your statement.我們得請(qǐng)你對(duì)你的說法作進(jìn)一步的說明。enlarge v.擴(kuò)大，多指具體物品如相片的放大。enlarge photograph放大照片enlarge a house擴(kuò)建房屋stretch v. (有彈性地)伸展，延伸，并有可能超過限度；伸長、伸出(身體某部位)并繃緊肌肉(尤指在放松后或?yàn)榱藟蛑澄?。The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.這件套頭毛衣我穿了幾次之后就撐大了。Having finished their morning work, the clerks stood up behind their desks, stretching themselves.完成了早間工作之后，職員們站到桌子后面伸伸懶腰。magnify v.放大，指用透鏡或顯微鏡使物體看上去大一些。His eyeglasses magnify words so he can read them.他借助眼睛把字放大以便能夠閱讀。reinforce v.增援，加固。expand v.指范圍、體積的擴(kuò)大、增大，也可以指內(nèi)容或細(xì)節(jié)的充實(shí)。The balloon expanded, then exploded.氣球先是膨脹，然后就爆破了。anger, fury, indignation, resentment這一組名詞都有"憤怒、生氣"的意思。anger n.氣憤，生氣，是一般用語。After their argument, he expressed his anger by punching the other man in the face.爭吵之后，他一拳打在那個(gè)人的臉上以發(fā)泄怒氣。fury n.暴怒，大怒，程度較anger要強(qiáng)。indignation n.義憤，尤其指出于道義上的激憤。general indignation at the sudden steep rise in bus fares公共汽車票價(jià)突然猛增激起的公憤resentment n.憤恨，怨恨，不滿，是正式用語，尤指由于受侮辱或自尊心受到傷害后而產(chǎn)生的憤慨。There was a feeling of resentment in the office after everyone's pay was lowered.大家的工資降低后，辦公室里怨聲載道。apparent, evident, manifest, obvious, distinct這一組形容詞都有"明顯的"之意。apparent a.明顯的，顯而易見的，尤其指容易觀察到或認(rèn)識(shí)到的事物。He is very unhappy, and it is apparent that he wants to leave now.他很不高興，顯然他現(xiàn)在想走了。evident a.明白的，明顯的，與apparent基本同意，多用于推理或由事實(shí)證明的事物。It is evident that he is guilty; his fingerprints were found at the crime scene.顯然他是有罪的，在犯罪現(xiàn)場發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的指紋。manifest a.清楚的，明顯的，多指根據(jù)外部特征或跡象便能看出或了解其意義，常作表語。Her ability is manifest, but she is not attractive.她才能出眾，但長相并不動(dòng)人。obvious a.明顯的，顯而易見的，含有無可辯白，不需證明之意。It is obvious that that woman has had too much to drink.很顯然，那個(gè)婦女酒喝的太多了。distinct a.清楚的，明顯的；不同的，獨(dú)特的。修飾性質(zhì)明顯不同的東西。Medical care has made a distinct improvement in his health.治療已使他的健康有了明顯的好轉(zhuǎn)。applaud, clap, commend, praiseapplaud v.鼓掌，贊揚(yáng)，指因精湛表演或某種行為得到別人的贊許，大聲叫好或熱烈鼓掌。The boss applauded my efforts by praising my work.老板表揚(yáng)了我的工作，對(duì)我的努力表示贊許。clap v.拍打，其用法是clap one's hand=applaud,不能說applaud one's hands。clap sb.為某人鼓掌，clap sth.拍打某物commend v.為正式用詞，用于對(duì)具體功績或成就表示嘉獎(jiǎng)，通常指上級(jí)對(duì)下級(jí)、長輩對(duì)晚輩的贊賞。The teacher commended the student for doing well on the exam.老師表揚(yáng)學(xué)生們的考試成績優(yōu)異。praise v.為一般用詞，用于對(duì)某人的優(yōu)秀品質(zhì)表示欽佩羨慕；贊頌，贊美。A supervisor praised the employee for her good work.一位主管稱贊這位員工的工作做得不錯(cuò)。Survivors of the crash praised God for saving them.墜機(jī)事件的幸存者贊頌上帝使他們得救。area, district, region, vicinity, zone這一組名詞都有"區(qū)域"的意思。area n.泛指面積較大的地區(qū)；面積；專業(yè)領(lǐng)域。The New York area has high rents.紐約地區(qū)房租很高。district n.行政區(qū)劃的小范圍地區(qū)。如Xicheng district北京西城區(qū)region n.行政區(qū)劃上更大的地區(qū)，如"自治區(qū)"；身體部位。The northeast region of the USA includes New York and the six New England states.美國東北部包括紐約和新英格蘭地區(qū)的那六個(gè)州。vicinity n.周圍地區(qū)，附近地區(qū)。The police were alerted that the escaped criminal might be in the vicinity.警察都十分警惕因?yàn)樘优艿淖锓妇筒卦诟浇貐^(qū)。zone n.指特定的地方、地帶。The city passed a law to create a business zone on some empty land.市政府通過法律，在一些空地上開辟商業(yè)區(qū)。assembly, conference, congress, rally, seminar, session, summit, symposium這一組名詞都表示"會(huì)議"的意思。assembly n.集合，集會(huì)。The assembly of students takes place in the auditorium.學(xué)生們?cè)诖蠖Y堂舉行集會(huì)。conference n. (專門性的)會(huì)議，討論會(huì)。The conference on international economic problems met in Geneva.關(guān)于世界經(jīng)濟(jì)問題的會(huì)議在日內(nèi)瓦召開。congress n.代表大會(huì)，(美國的)國會(huì)。Congress passes laws that must be obeyed by the people.美國國會(huì)通過的法律，人民一定要遵守。rally n. (鼓舞士氣的)集會(huì)；群眾性集會(huì)。The football coach called a rally to build up the team's excitement for the next game.足球教練召開了一個(gè)動(dòng)員會(huì)，以便鼓舞士氣打好下次比賽。seminar n. (大學(xué)的)研究班，研討會(huì)。During summer vacations some teachers attend seminars at college.暑假里，一些教師在學(xué)院里參加研究班。session n. (一屆)會(huì)議，回合。the autumn session of Parliament議會(huì)的秋季會(huì)議summit n.最高級(jí)會(huì)議，峰會(huì)(通常為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人參加)。Next year, the summit will be held in Vienna.明年將在維也納舉行最高級(jí)會(huì)談。symposium n. (學(xué)術(shù)、科研方面的)座談會(huì)，專題報(bào)告會(huì)。The symposium on SARS research lasted two days.非典型性肺炎研究的研討會(huì)持續(xù)了兩天。assessment, estimate, evaluation這一組名詞都有"評(píng)估"的意思。assessment n.評(píng)估，估價(jià)，常常表示對(duì)于財(cái)產(chǎn)、價(jià)值的評(píng)估。We have a low assessment on our property.我們對(duì)我們的資產(chǎn)評(píng)估很低。estimate n.估計(jì)，強(qiáng)調(diào)進(jìn)行評(píng)估得出的結(jié)果，常與動(dòng)詞give搭配。The mechanic gave me a rough estimate of two or three hundred dollars for the repairs to my car.機(jī)械師給我的汽車修理費(fèi)的粗略估計(jì)是200或300美元。evaluation n. (對(duì)于能力，價(jià)值、工作業(yè)績的)評(píng)價(jià)，估價(jià)，常帶有肯定的、正確的含義。He gave a positive evaluation of our scientific research.他對(duì)于我們的科學(xué)研究給予了積極的評(píng)價(jià)。associate, ally, combine, unite這一組詞都有"聯(lián)合"的意思。associate v.交往，結(jié)交；聯(lián)系，聯(lián)想。多指平等友好的合作，后接with，表示與某人交往或合作，后接in表示在某個(gè)方面合作。We associate with our neighbors at church.在教堂里，我們同鄰居交往。ally v.使結(jié)盟，使聯(lián)姻，多與with搭配。Several political parties allied with each other against higher taxes.幾個(gè)政治黨派聯(lián)合起來反對(duì)提高稅收。combine v.聯(lián)合，化合，混合，多指為了某個(gè)目的將不同的人或物混合而成一個(gè)整體。The girl combined sugar, butter, and flour to made the dough.小姑娘把糖、黃油和面粉混合到一起做成面團(tuán)。unite v.聯(lián)合，合并，團(tuán)結(jié)，尤指不同的事物或人組成統(tǒng)一體，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果的一致性。The nation united against its enemy.國民團(tuán)結(jié)一致共同對(duì)敵。average, common, general, universal, usual這一組形容詞都有"普通"的意思。average a.普通的，一般的，它強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一般水準(zhǔn)或普通水準(zhǔn)；通常在有數(shù)字出現(xiàn)的情況下，表示"平均的"。The average runner can run 2 miles in fifteen minutes.跑步者15分鐘內(nèi)平均跑兩英里。common a.常見的，普通的，不足為奇的，有時(shí)引申為"平凡的"，強(qiáng)調(diào)事物的共同性。另外，它還有"公共的，共同的"之意。Car accidents are a common occurrence.交通事故是很普通的事件。general a.普通的，一般的，表示涉及到各方面，強(qiáng)調(diào)整體性而非個(gè)別和例外，該詞的反義詞為particular。In general, the economy is doing well now.總的來說，現(xiàn)在的經(jīng)濟(jì)形式還不錯(cuò)。universal a.普遍的，比general語氣更強(qiáng)，有"全然沒有例外"的意思。Poverty is a universal problem all over the world.貧困是世界各地普遍存在的問題。usual a.通常的，慣常的，強(qiáng)調(diào)"習(xí)慣性的，符合規(guī)章制度的"，是個(gè)一般用語。award, rewardaward v.指正式地或官方地頒發(fā)，授予，給予；也可以指法庭裁決給予。后面可跟雙賓語。The school principal awarded a prize in history to the best student.學(xué)校校長將歷史獎(jiǎng)授予最出色的學(xué)生。reward v.酬勞，獎(jiǎng)賞，回報(bào)，通常指因做了某一件事或提供了某種服務(wù)而應(yīng)得到報(bào)酬或酬謝，其后一般以人或人的行為作賓語。后跟with用來說明以何物作為報(bào)酬。I will reward to the person who returns my lost dog.我將出50美元，酬謝幫我找回丟失的狗的人。aware, consciousaware a.知道的，意識(shí)到的，強(qiáng)調(diào)感官對(duì)外界事物的意識(shí)。He was aware of his mistake.他意識(shí)到自己的錯(cuò)誤。conscious a.有意識(shí)的，意識(shí)到的，一般指內(nèi)心所意識(shí)到的。The salesman is conscious of the fact that he must increase sales.銷售員意識(shí)到他必須增加銷售量。base, foundation, ground這一組名詞都有"基礎(chǔ)"的意思。base n.指具體的有形的基礎(chǔ)，也可指物體的底部、基部；基地，總部。They use their apartment in New York as a home base from which they travel frequently.他們把紐約的公寓作為他們頻繁出行的大本營。foundation n.本義指建筑物的地基，含有堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)的意思；基金會(huì)。The foundation for our house is made of cement.我們房子的地基是水泥打下的。ground n.地面，土地，也指地域，水底，海底。basic, elementary, fundamentalbasic a.基本的，基礎(chǔ)的，既可用于具體事物，也可用于抽象事物。He has a basic understanding of the problem.他對(duì)問題有基本的了解。elementary a.初步的，初級(jí)的。elementary school小學(xué)fundamental a.根本性的，一般只用于抽象的事物；必要的，必須的。Honesty is a fundamental principle in dealing with others.誠實(shí)是與別人相處的基本原則。beam, chuckle, giggle, grin, jeer, laugh, roar, sneer這一組都有"笑"的意思，而它們之間的差別也是明顯的。beam v.本義指照耀，放光，引申為"微笑"，是正式用語，指面帶喜悅或笑容，暗示對(duì)他人的友好或內(nèi)心的滿足。She beamed with happiness.她高興得眉開眼笑。chuckle v. (書面語)吃吃的笑，抿嘴笑，輕聲笑，多指因得意或領(lǐng)會(huì)到某事中的趣味而暗自發(fā)笑。She does not laugh out loud; she only chuckles.她沒有笑出聲來，只是抿嘴而笑。giggle v.咯咯地笑，癡笑，傻笑，多指女人和孩子由于緊張、被逗樂、尷尬時(shí)所發(fā)出的笑聲。The schoolgirls giggled when the famous football player walkedsintostheir classroom.當(dāng)這個(gè)著名的足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員走進(jìn)教室時(shí)，女生們都咯咯地笑起來。grin v.露齒而笑，指人因高興、滿足、輕蔑等咧開嘴露齒地笑。He grinned at his mother.他沖他的媽媽咧嘴一笑。jeer v.譏笑，嘲笑，其同義詞是mock。The crowd jeered when the boxer was knocked down.當(dāng)那個(gè)拳手被人打倒時(shí)，人群開始嘲笑他。laugh v.笑，大笑，用于一般的笑或出聲的大笑。roar v.怒吼，咆哮，引申為放聲大笑，哄堂大笑。He roared when he heard the joke.聽完這個(gè)笑話，他哈哈大笑。sneer v.冷笑，嘲笑，指以語言、表情、和聲調(diào)表示輕蔑或嘲弄。He sneered at the offer and said it was two low.他對(duì)報(bào)價(jià)嗤之以鼻，說它太低了。bewilder, puzzle, confuse, embarrass, perplex這一組詞都有"迷惑"的意思。bewilder v.使困惑，使茫然，強(qiáng)調(diào)非常困惑，通常表現(xiàn)為心理和智力的紊亂，語氣最重。He was fired without warning and is completely bewildered about the reason.他沒有得到事先警告就被開除了，完全不明白是什么原因。When the farmers visited the city for the first time, they were bewildered by its complicated traffic system.當(dāng)這些農(nóng)夫們第一次到城里的時(shí)候，他們對(duì)城市復(fù)雜的交通系統(tǒng)感到迷惑不解。puzzle v.使迷惑，感到不解，強(qiáng)調(diào)不理解或解決不了。Where the sunken treasure is puzzles explorers.沉沒寶藏的下落令探險(xiǎn)家們大惑不解。confuse v.一般用語，使混亂，使糊涂，強(qiáng)調(diào)因混淆而使人產(chǎn)生迷亂。He sent the wrong reports because he confused them with other ones.他發(fā)錯(cuò)了報(bào)告，因?yàn)樗阉鼈兺硗庖恍﹫?bào)告混淆在一起了。embarrass v.使窘迫，使為難，使困惑，有令人不快、難為情和內(nèi)心混亂的意味。Her boyfriend embarrassed her by teasing her about her new hairstyle in front of others.她的男友在別人面前嘲笑她的新發(fā)型，使她感到難堪。perplex v.使雜亂，使疑慮，使不安。The new tax laws perplex me.新稅收法律使我很費(fèi)解。blame, condemn, reproach, scold這一組動(dòng)詞都有"責(zé)怪"的意思。blame v.責(zé)怪，把……歸咎于。You can't blame anyone in case you fail the exam.萬一你考試不及格，你不能怪罪任何人。condemn v.譴責(zé)，用于比較正式的、嚴(yán)肅的場合。The wife condemned her husband for drinking too much.妻子因丈夫貪杯而責(zé)怪他。reproach v. (書面語)責(zé)備，表示不滿。His teacher reproached him for not doing his homework.老師責(zé)備他不做作業(yè)。scold v.責(zé)罵，訓(xùn)斥。blunder, error, mistake這一組詞都表示"錯(cuò)誤"。blunder n. (因?yàn)闊o知、疏忽犯下的)大錯(cuò)，愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤。I think that I committed a blunder in asking her because she seemed very upset by my question.這位女士由于我的問題感到很難過，我感覺到犯了一個(gè)大錯(cuò)。error n.指判斷、計(jì)算或行為上的錯(cuò)誤，也可指智力或道義上的錯(cuò)誤。The accident was the result of human error.這事故是人為的錯(cuò)誤造成的。mistake n.誤會(huì)，誤解；(粗心、遺忘所導(dǎo)致的)錯(cuò)誤。I took your bag instead of mine by mistake.我錯(cuò)拿了你的手提包。brittle, fragile, frail, crisp, invalid這一組形容詞都有"弱"的意思。brittle a.易碎的，易損壞的，通常是指堅(jiān)硬的東西。The bones of elderly people become brittle and easily broken.老年人的骨頭變得脆弱，很容易骨折。fragile a.常常修飾使用時(shí)必須小心才不會(huì)破碎的東西，也引申為體弱的，虛弱的。He 's feeling a bit fragile after last night's party.他參加了昨晚的聚會(huì)以后，現(xiàn)在感覺有些虛弱。frail a. (指人)體弱的，虛弱的，也可以指東西易碎的。His mother has grown old and frail.他母親已經(jīng)年老體弱。crisp a.指食品的松脆；清新的，爽快的；活躍的，有生氣的，干凈利落的。crisp biscuit松脆的餅干The student gave a clear, crisp answer to the teacher's question.學(xué)生干凈利落地回答了老師的問題。invalid a.不正確的，缺乏證據(jù)的；無效的，作廢的。作名詞時(shí)，表示病弱者，傷殘者，久病者。Your ideas about the first humans are interesting but invalid.你關(guān)于最早的人類的觀點(diǎn)很有意思，但是缺乏證據(jù)。A bad car accident made him an invalid.一次嚴(yán)重的車禍?zhǔn)顾兂闪藲埣?。boundary, border, frontier, rim, verge這幾個(gè)名詞都有"邊界"的意思。boundary n.邊界；界線。多指作為界線的標(biāo)識(shí)物等。The fence marks the boundary between my land and hers.這道柵欄是我的地和她的地的分界線。border n.較寬的邊緣，邊界，多指兩國或兩地之間的分界處附近的邊緣地區(qū)、邊界地帶；也可以指物體的邊緣等。We crossed the Mexican bordersintosthe USA.我們穿過墨西哥邊界進(jìn)入美國境內(nèi)。frontier n.邊界，邊境，邊疆，指靠近邊界(boundary)的區(qū)域；也可引申為"未開發(fā)的領(lǐng)域"，"(學(xué)術(shù)的)前沿"等。The American West was still a frontier a century ago.一個(gè)世紀(jì)以前美國西部還是一片邊疆。She is a biochemist who works on the frontiers of biology.她是從事生物學(xué)前沿研究的生化學(xué)家。rim n.邊，邊緣，尤指圓形或近似圓形的物體的邊緣。verge n. (道路、花壇等長著草的)邊緣，引申為"某事即將發(fā)生之際"。on the verge of war戰(zhàn)爭爆發(fā)之際brief, concise, curt, succinct這一組形容詞都有"簡短的"意思。brief a.簡明扼要的，簡短的，指時(shí)間短暫，辦事利索，態(tài)度明了等；有時(shí)含有"雖短但卻不失全面"的意味。The manager made a brief statement to open the meeting.經(jīng)理致了簡短的開幕詞。concise a. (文字等的)簡要、精練，常含有保留主要部分的意思。His letter was concise, omitting everything not pertinent to the job.他的信寫得簡明扼要，省略掉了所有與該項(xiàng)工作無關(guān)的部分。curt a.三言兩語的，簡短的，常含有"草率"的意思。He asked his boss a question, but got a curt reply , "I have no time for you now!"他問老板一個(gè)問題，但是老板草率的說："我沒時(shí)間搭理你。"succinct a.簡明的，簡潔的，簡練的，尤指用詞簡練，除含有concise的意思外，還有經(jīng)過壓縮的或簡化的意思。succinct summary of the argument論點(diǎn)的概要