英語的句子成分有8種，分別是主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、賓語(object)、表語(predicative)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial)、補語(complement)和同位語(appositive)。

學會判斷句子成分對以后學習難句和理解文段奠定了基礎。英語句子的構成也有其特定的規(guī)律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常見句式和詞語的習慣搭配，就能寫出完整、正確的句子。

一、句子成分和基本句型講前練指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分并總結出該句的基本句型結構。1.They have worked for months and even years.成分：主語???謂語????????時間狀語句型結構總結：主語＋謂語（不及物動詞）

2.The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work成分：主語?????????定語?? ?謂語??????表語句型結構總結：主語＋系動詞＋表語

3.I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.成分：?主語????謂語????????????????賓語??????????????????狀語??句型結構總結：????主語＋謂語（及物動詞）＋賓語

4.Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history成分：???主語? ? ? ? ? ?謂語??間接賓語???????直接賓語?????????????????句型結構總結：???主語＋謂語（及物動詞）＋雙賓語（間接賓語＋直接賓語）

5.Traditional festivals enable usto learn fine Chinese values成分：??主語????????????謂語???賓語????賓語補足語???????????????????句型結構總結：??主語＋謂語＋復合賓語（賓語＋補語）?? ? ?小結：從以上的練習中可知英語中的句子成分包括：主語，謂語，賓語，表語，定語，狀語，賓語補語

6.He was seenplaying basketball?on the playgroundyesterday.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作主語補足語)

二、句子成分和基本句型精講

（一）、句子成分

1、主語:?說明句子所談的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主語通常由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞或短語充當。EG:Lucylikes her new car very much.?露西喜歡她的新車?！久~作主語】Hegoes to and from schoolby bike every day.他每天都起得很早。(代詞作主語)To learn English wellis a challenge.學好英語是一項挑戰(zhàn)性工作?！静欢ㄊ蕉陶Z作主語】

2、謂語:?說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，英語中謂語只能用動詞充當。例如：Weworkhard.我們努力工作。The boy?caught?a bird.?那個男孩逮住一只鳥。Heislike his father.?他像他父親。注意：介詞不能作謂語，必須與be動詞連用，構成系表結構，一起作謂語。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須保持一致。EG:Music isthe utmost pleasure in life.音樂是人生最大的快樂。AsI take?each bite,?the sweet and mild flavour of the red bean filling?slowly?fills?my mouth.

3、賓語:?賓語是動作的對象。由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞或短語充當，說明主語做?“什么”。EG:Tom boughta story-book.湯姆買了一本故事書?！久~作賓語】I sawhim?yesterday.?昨天我看到他了?！敬~賓語】He decidedto run away from home.?他決定離家出走?！静欢ㄊ蕉陶Z作賓語】注意：賓語分為直接賓語和間接賓語：有些及物動詞可以有兩個賓語，一個指人，一個指物，指人的叫作間接賓語，指物的叫直接賓語；合稱雙賓語。EG：I boughtmy sona box of Mark pens?last night.?他給了我一些墨水。間接賓語?直接賓語Our teacher toldusaninteresting story.?老師給我們講了一個有趣的故事。間接賓語????直接賓語

4、表語：說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”；與連系動詞一起構成謂語，表語由名詞、形容詞、或相當于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當；用在系動詞后面。EG：I have been an English teacher since I graduated from university.我的姐姐是一名護士。【名詞作表語】Terry seems in low spirits today.特瑞今天好像情緒低落?！窘樵~短語】Tom’s dream has become true already.?湯姆的夢想已經(jīng)實現(xiàn)?！拘稳菰~作表語】

5、定語：修飾名詞或代詞的成分，除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語或相當于形容詞的詞或短語都可以作定語。EG：After years ofhard?work,his career began to take.多年的努力工作之后，他的事業(yè)開始騰飛。【形容詞作定語】Are these studentsyour?classmates??這些學生是你班的嗎？【形容詞性物主代詞作定語】Winter is the coldest seasonof the year.冬天是一年中最冷的季節(jié)?！窘樵~短語作定語】The building to be built next year will be our new teaching building.明年將要修建的建筑物將是我們的新教學樓?！静欢ㄊ阶鞫ㄕZ】The peoplehere?are very friendly.這里的人們非常友好?！靖痹~作定語】注意：單個形容詞作定語時通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語、不定式短語或副詞等作定語時則放在被修飾的詞之后。

6、狀語:?修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞，或修飾全句的成分叫狀語。作狀語的主要是副詞和介詞短語或相當于副詞的詞或短語等。EG：Jack runs veryfast.?杰克跑得很快?！靖痹~作狀語】All these clothes are madeby hand.shua。所有的這些衣服都是手工制作的?！窘樵~短語作狀語】She will arrive in Shanghaion Friday.?她將于星期五到達上海?！窘樵~短語作狀語】To pass the weekly test,he is studying very hard.?為了通過周考，他正在努力學習?！静欢ㄊ蕉陶Z狀語】

7、賓語補足語:?有些及物動詞的賓語后邊還需要有一個成分來說明賓語的情況，意思才能夠完整，這個成分叫賓語補足語。賓語和補足語構成復合賓語。EG:They always call??me Lao Yang.賓語賓語補足語?【名詞做賓補】You must keep??the roomclean and tidy.賓語??????賓語補足語【形容詞作賓補】Mr. Yang invitedme to visit his new house in Huaihua.賓語????賓語補足語【不定式作賓補】I hadmy old housepaintedlast week.賓語??賓語補足語We found?the girls in our classplaying gameson the playground ten minutes ago.賓語?????賓語補足語【現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補】

8、主語補足語一個句子有時不足以表達完整的意義，需要再添加一個成分用來補充說明主語的狀態(tài)，特征和性質(zhì)，這個成分就是主語補足語。常用來做補語的成分有形容詞，名詞，數(shù)詞，不定式，分詞和介詞短語。Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.賓語補足語所在句子變成了被動語態(tài)后，賓語補足語就成了主語補足語。例句：I saw the kiteup and down.（up and down是副詞做賓補）The kite was seenup and down.up and down是副詞做主補）

9、同位語?同位語對前面的名詞或代詞作進一步的解釋和補充，說明它指的是誰、或者是什么。同位語大多數(shù)時候由名詞來充當，形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞和從句也可以作同位語。Youchildren?must learn to say please and thank you.你們這些孩子必須學會說請和謝謝。I heard the newsthat our team had won.我聽說我們隊贏了。句子成分巧記歌訣主謂賓表定狀補七種成分記清楚句子主干主謂賓（表）枝葉成分定狀補定語修飾主賓表賓語之后常有補主謂人稱數(shù)一致狀語位置最靈活考點對練1：指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。(將劃線部分的句子成分寫在橫線上)

1.Jack and Tom are doingtheir homework?now.????????賓語

2.Bettyplantedmany trees and flowerson her farm??????謂語

3.The boy under the tree isa policeman.???????表語

4.We went on a visit to the Great Walllast week?????????狀語

5.Yangjing was mybest?friend in my childhood.??????定語

6.Healways?walks in the park after supper with his wife.???????狀語

7.Mary asked meto help her?yesterday.??????賓語補足語

8.I boughtmy girlfriend a gold ringon her birthday.?????雙賓語

9.Mr. Weiremains?a doctor.???謂語（系動詞）

10.The boys and girlsseemed excited?when they heard the news.????系表結構

三、簡單句的基本句型簡單句：由一個主語（或并列主語）和一個謂語（或并列謂語）所構成的句子。簡單句分為5種基本句型：

1．主語＋謂語（主語?＋不及物動詞）例1：My little sister can swim?? very well.??我妹妹游泳游得很好。主語謂語（不及物動詞）例2：The planehas already arrived.??飛機已經(jīng)抵達。主語?????????謂語2．主語＋謂語＋賓語（主語＋及物動詞＋賓語）例3：The poor passengers?on the real Titanic?saw the tip of the iceberg.主語謂語????賓語泰坦尼克號上可憐的乘客們看到了冰山的頂部。例4：The company makes films?.?這家公司制作電影。主語.????謂語??????賓語例5：Stanley?bought a flat? last year. ?Stanley去年買了套公寓。主語謂語???賓語3．主語＋系動詞＋表語（主語＋連系動詞＋表語）例6：My mother is a scientist.?我母親是個科學家。主語?????謂語???表語例7：She looks young.?她看上去很年輕。主語???謂語???表語例8：The cake tastes?? very??yummy.?這蛋糕嘗起來很美味。主語?????謂語?????????表語4．主語＋謂語＋雙賓語（主語＋及物動詞＋間接賓語＋直接賓語）例9：My mother bought me a dictionary? yesterday. ?我母親昨天給我買了本字典。主語?????謂語??間接賓語??直接賓語例10：Can you give me the math book? ?你能給我那本數(shù)學書嗎？謂語??主語??謂語??間接賓語??直接賓語例11：Will you tell us something about your school life?謂語主語謂語間接賓語??????直接賓語你給我講講你們的學習生活，好嗎？5．主語＋謂語＋復合賓語（主語＋及物動詞＋賓語＋補語）例12：We must keep our classroom clean and tidy.?我們必須保持教室干凈、整潔。主語????謂語???????賓語????????賓語補足語例13：My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible.主語??????謂語??賓語??????賓語補足語我母親要求我盡可能多地講英語。例14：I heard her singing happily?in the room just now.主語謂語??賓語??賓語補足語剛才我聽到她在房間里高興地唱著歌。考點對練2：指出下列句子的基本類型1．主語＋謂語2．主語＋謂語＋賓語3．主語＋系動詞＋表語4．主語＋謂語＋雙賓語(間賓?+直賓?)5．主語＋謂語＋復合賓語(賓?+?賓補)

1.Plants need water and sun.?主+?謂+賓

2.The flowersare so fresh and beautiful.?主?+?系?+?表

3.The sun rises in the east.?主?+?謂???????????4.He gave me some flowers.?主?+?謂?+間賓?+直賓??5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy.?主?+?謂?+?賓?+?賓補6.Many animals live in trees.主?+?謂???????????7.Her mother looks very young.?主?+?系?+?表???????8.She teaches us English.主?+?謂?+間賓?+直賓??9.The children are jumping and laughing happily.?主?+?謂????????????10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs.主?+?謂?+?賓?+?賓補??11. He often tells me some interesting stories.?主?+?謂?+間賓?+直賓???12.The students must keep their eyes closed.?主? +??謂?+?賓?+?賓補??四、考點應考技巧1、在語法填空題中，要注意分析句子成分，方能判斷空格中應該填什么詞性。2、在閱讀英語文章遇到長句難句時，要不斷培養(yǎng)分析句子成分，抓住句子的主干部分（主謂賓），方能理解好句子含義。

五、句子成分和基本句型考點精練（一）、劃出下列高考真題中的句子的主()謂()賓/表語()（有從句時，只劃出主句的主謂賓/表）。