1. 1。 While financial institutions have faced difficulties over the years for a multitude of reasons, the major cause of serious banking problems continues to be directly related to lax credit standards for borrowers and counterparties, poor portfolio risk management, or a lack of attention to changes in economic or other circumstances that can lead to a deterioration in the credit standing of a bank's counterparties.雖然金融機(jī)構(gòu)遇到了一個(gè)由于種種原因多年來(lái)困難，嚴(yán)重的銀行問(wèn)題的主要原因仍然是直接相關(guān)的借款人及對(duì)手，可憐的投資組合風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理，或不重視的變化寬松的信貸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)經(jīng)濟(jì)或其他情況，可能導(dǎo)致在銀行的交易對(duì)手的信用惡化。 This experience is common in both G-10 and non-G-10 countries.這一經(jīng)驗(yàn)是普遍的10國(guó)集團(tuán)和非10國(guó)集團(tuán)的國(guó)家。 2. 2。 Credit risk is most simply defined as the potential that a bank borrower or counterparty will fail to meet its obligations in accordance with agreed terms.信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是最簡(jiǎn)單的定義為潛在的銀行借款人或交易對(duì)手將無(wú)法滿(mǎn)足協(xié)議的條款規(guī)定的義務(wù)。 The goal of credit risk management is to maximise a bank's risk-adjusted rate of return by maintaining credit risk exposure within acceptable parameters.對(duì)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的目標(biāo)是最大限度地銀行的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)調(diào)整后的維持在可接受的參數(shù)信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回報(bào)率。 Banks need to manage the credit risk inherent in the entire portfolio as well as the risk in individual credits or transactions.銀行需要信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理中所固有的整個(gè)產(chǎn)品系列，以及個(gè)人貸款或交易的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。 Banks should also consider the relationships between credit risk and other risks.銀行也應(yīng)考慮與信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及其他風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)系。 The effective management of credit risk is a critical component of a comprehensive approach to risk management and essential to the long-term success of any banking organisation.信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的有效管理是一個(gè)全面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理方法和必要的任何銀行機(jī)構(gòu)長(zhǎng)期成功的關(guān)鍵因素。 3. 3。 For most banks, loans are the largest and most obvious source of credit risk; however, other sources of credit risk exist throughout the activities of a bank, including in the banking book and in the trading book, and both on and off the balance sheet.對(duì)于大多數(shù)銀行貸款信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的最大和最明顯的來(lái)源，但信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的其他來(lái)源存在的整個(gè)銀行活動(dòng)，銀行賬戶(hù)，包括在貿(mào)易和圖書(shū)，都和場(chǎng)外的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表。 Banks are increasingly facing credit risk (or counterparty risk) in various financial instruments other than loans, including acceptances, interbank transactions, trade financing, foreign exchange transactions, financial futures, swaps, bonds, equities, options, and in the extension of commitments and guarantees, and the settlement of transactions.面臨越來(lái)越多的銀行信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（或交易對(duì)手風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的各種金融工具比其他貸款，包括接受，銀行同業(yè)交易，貿(mào)易融資），外匯交易，金融期貨，互換，債券，股票，期權(quán)，并在擴(kuò)展和承諾保證，以及交易的結(jié)算。 4. 4。 Since exposure to credit risk continues to be the leading source of problems in banks world-wide, banks and their supervisors should be able to draw useful lessons from past experiences.由于信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)仍然是在銀行問(wèn)題的主要來(lái)源世界各地，銀行和他們的主管應(yīng)該能夠從過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)有益的教訓(xùn)。 Banks should now have a keen awareness of the need to identify, measure, monitor and control credit risk as well as to determine that they hold adequate capital against these risks and that they are adequately compensated for risks incurred.銀行現(xiàn)在應(yīng)該有一個(gè)需要識(shí)別，衡量，監(jiān)測(cè)和控制信貸風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，以及敏銳的意識(shí)，以確定它們對(duì)這些風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行足夠的資金，他們有足夠的支付風(fēng)險(xiǎn)補(bǔ)償。 The Basel Committee is issuing this document in order to encourage banking supervisors globally to promote sound practices for managing credit risk.巴塞爾委員會(huì)發(fā)布了這份文件，以鼓勵(lì)銀行監(jiān)管機(jī)構(gòu)在全球范圍內(nèi)促進(jìn)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的良好作法。 Although the principles contained in this paper are most clearly applicable to the business of lending, they should be applied to all activities where credit risk is present.雖然在此文件中所載的原則是最清楚的適用于借貸業(yè)務(wù)時(shí)，應(yīng)適用于所有活動(dòng)，其中信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是存在。