一、太過肯定或太過否定的表達(dá) 考研英語(yǔ)閱讀選用的是西方核心報(bào)刊雜志的學(xué)術(shù)性議論文，因?yàn)閷W(xué)術(shù)性這一性質(zhì)，文章表達(dá)的內(nèi)容都相對(duì)客觀以及理性，不會(huì)出現(xiàn)有失偏頗的觀點(diǎn)，即不會(huì)太過，肯定也不會(huì)太過否定，萬事留有余地。所以，當(dāng)選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中出現(xiàn)太過于肯定或者太過于否定的表達(dá)，如果文章當(dāng)中沒有明確表明的話，大概率是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。 舉例：(2018年英語(yǔ)二text4) Another approach to getting more done in less time is to rethink how you reprioritize your day – in particular how we craft our to-do lists. Tim Harford, author of Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives, points to a study in the early 1980s that divided undergraduates into two groups: some were advised to set out monthly goals and study activities; others were told to plan activities and goals in much more detail, day by day. While the researchers assumed that the well-structured daily plans would be most effective when it came to the execution of tasks, they were wrong: the detailed daily plans demotivated students. Harford argues that inevitable distractions often render the daily to-do list ineffective, while leaving room for improvisation in such a list can reap the best results. 37. The study in the early 1980s cited by Harford shows that . A. students are hardly motivated by monthly goals B. detailed plans may not be as fruitful as expected C. distractions may actually increase efficiency D. daily schedules are indispensable to studying 解析：該題根據(jù)第二段第一句，可得出正確答案為B。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中，D選項(xiàng)意為：日常計(jì)劃對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)而言不可或缺。其中“不可或缺”這一表意太過絕對(duì)，大概率可判斷為錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。 二、偷換概念(偷換中心詞) 閱讀當(dāng)中錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是喜歡偷換概念。之前我們講過偷換概念的一種形式，就是擴(kuò)大表述范圍。但這次講的偷換概念，指的是偷換中心詞。比如，原文中表述：小明喜歡吃草莓味的餅干。此時(shí)某個(gè)選項(xiàng)中就可能表述為：小明喜歡吃草莓味的糖果。雖然都是草莓味，但是中心詞已經(jīng)由餅干變成了糖果，這是完全不一樣的。 舉例：(2012年英語(yǔ)一text4) Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones. As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. 39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions [A]often run against the current political system. [B]can change people’s political attitudes. [C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms. [D]are dominant in the government. 解析：該題由第一段第一句以及第二段第一句可知，正確答案為C。而錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中，A、B都為偷換概念。原文中二段首句中出現(xiàn)了politician政客，而A、B中分別出現(xiàn)了political system政治體系、political attitudes政治態(tài)度，三者都與政治有關(guān)，但是中心詞卻分別為人、體系、態(tài)度，截然不同。 三、“interest” 這一詞表示的是“興趣”，偶爾會(huì)出現(xiàn)在選項(xiàng)當(dāng)中，近幾年來出現(xiàn)該單詞的選項(xiàng)，都是一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)。因?yàn)榕d趣代表著人的主觀判斷，主觀性是比較強(qiáng)的，如果文中沒有明確表示某人對(duì)某事物是否有興趣，則該選項(xiàng)就會(huì)變成主觀臆斷。命題人利用的就是看不懂文章的同學(xué)的猜測(cè)心理，讓同學(xué)們想“他應(yīng)該是對(duì)這個(gè)事物有興趣吧?”而其實(shí)文章并沒有明確表示。 舉例：(2013年英語(yǔ)一text1) Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment – including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line –Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to. 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph? [A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists. [B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability. [C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments. [D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing. 解析：該題由該段末句可知，正確答案為D。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中，C選項(xiàng)意為：人們對(duì)買不起的衣服更感興趣，而原文中并沒有提及人們是否對(duì)此感興趣，因此該選項(xiàng)為主觀臆斷。 (2013年英語(yǔ)一text3) Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future. 33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5? [A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies. [B] Technology offers solutions to social problem. [C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise. [D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive. 解析：該題由首句可知，正確答案為D。錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)中，選項(xiàng)C意為：(人們)對(duì)科幻小說的興趣正在上升。而原文中并沒有提及人們是否對(duì)此感興趣，因此該選項(xiàng)為主觀臆斷。 這些特征僅僅是通過多年試題情況的大數(shù)據(jù)而言，并不是今后出現(xiàn)該特征的選項(xiàng)一定是錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)，而是可以讓同學(xué)們把這些特征作為看不懂文章時(shí)排除選項(xiàng)的下下策，希望能對(duì)同學(xué)們有所幫助。