一般過(guò)去時(shí) Ved 一般將來(lái)時(shí) Be going to + V / Will + V 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) Be的過(guò)去時(shí) going to +V/ Would +V 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) Be +doing 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were doing/ was /were not doing 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) Will +be+doing/ will not be doing 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have +done/ have not done 過(guò)去完成時(shí) Had+done/ had not done 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) have/has been doing/ have has not been doing 過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí) had been doing/ had not been doingEnglish Grammar:動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài) 英語(yǔ)共有16種時(shí)態(tài)，根據(jù)近幾年曝光的四、六級(jí)考卷分析， 時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試重點(diǎn)主要有：完成時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、將來(lái)完成時(shí)；進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)——現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)、完成進(jìn)行時(shí)；一般時(shí)態(tài)。 一、一般時(shí)態(tài) 1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) (1)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示沒(méi)有時(shí)限的持久存在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)或現(xiàn)階段反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常和副詞 usually，often，always sometimes， regularly，near，occasionally，every year, every week 等連謾＠?紓? 1）The moon moves round the earth.. 2）Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. （2）在由after，until，before，once，when，even if，in case，as long as，as soon as，the moment 以及 if，unless 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句或條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如： 1）I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2）I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. （3）某些表示起始的動(dòng)詞，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這類動(dòng)詞有：be，go，come，start，depart，arrive，begin，leave 等。例如： 1）The plane leaves at three sharp. 2）The new teachers arrive tomorrow. （4）在由why，what，where，whoever，who，that，as 等引導(dǎo)的從句中，也常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)。例如： 1）Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2）You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow. 2．一般過(guò)去時(shí) （1）表示過(guò)去某一特定時(shí)間所發(fā)生的、可完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與表示確切過(guò)去時(shí)間的詞、短語(yǔ)或從句連用。例如： We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. （2）表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。例如： 1）He always went to class last. 2）I used to do my homework in the library. （注意與be used to doing短語(yǔ)的區(qū)別） 3．一般將來(lái)時(shí) 1）表示將來(lái)打算進(jìn)行或期待發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例如： I shall graduate next year. 2）幾種替代形式： 1）be going to +v在口語(yǔ)中廣泛使用，表示準(zhǔn)備做或?qū)l(fā)生的事情。例如： I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money. 2）be to +v表示計(jì)劃安排要做的事，具有“必要”的強(qiáng)制性意義。例如： I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3）be about to +v表示即將發(fā)生的事情。例如： He was about to start. 4）be due to +v表示預(yù)先確定了的事， 必定發(fā)生的事。例如： The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5）be on the point/verge of +v – ing 強(qiáng)調(diào)即將發(fā)生的某種事態(tài)。例如： The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài) 1．現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) （1）表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now，right now，at the mother，for the time being，for the present等連用。例如： Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. （2）表示現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作， 常與always，continually，forever，constantly等連用。例如： My father is forever criticizing me. （3）表示根據(jù)計(jì)劃或安排在最近要進(jìn)行的事情。具有這種語(yǔ)法功能的動(dòng)詞僅限于過(guò)渡性動(dòng)詞。即表示從一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置轉(zhuǎn)移到另一個(gè)狀態(tài)或位置上去的動(dòng)詞。常用的有：go，come，leave，start，arrive，return等。例如： They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. （4）有些動(dòng)詞不能用進(jìn)行時(shí)，這是一類表示“感覺(jué)，感情，存在，從屬”等的動(dòng)詞。如：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，look，appear，（表示感覺(jué)的詞）；hate，love，fear，like，want，wish，prefer，refuse，forgive（表示感情的動(dòng)詞）；be，exist，remain，stay，obtain（表示存在狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞）；have，possess，own，contain，belong，consist of，form（表示占有與從屬的動(dòng)詞）；understand，know，believe，think，doubt，forget，remember（表示思考理解的動(dòng)詞）。但是如果它們?cè)~義改變，便也可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。例如： 1）Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? （look 在此為聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞，意為“顯得，看上去”） 2）Tom is looking for his books. （look 在此為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，意為“尋找”） 2． 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) 過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)或發(fā)生后，另一個(gè)過(guò)去的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，或表示過(guò)去反復(fù)的習(xí)慣，常與always，continually，constantly等動(dòng)詞連用。例如： 1）We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2）Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3． 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí) 將來(lái)進(jìn)行時(shí)主要表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，或表示要在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始，并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來(lái)表示禮貌的詢問(wèn)、請(qǐng)求等。例如： 1）This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2）What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4． 完成進(jìn)行時(shí) （現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)）完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是（現(xiàn)在、過(guò)去、將來(lái)）完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，將放在完成時(shí)態(tài)部分講述。 三、完成時(shí)態(tài) 完成時(shí)態(tài)通常表示已完成或從事的動(dòng)作。它可分為： 1． 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) （1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來(lái)表示對(duì)目前狀況仍有影響的，剛剛完成的動(dòng)作（常與yet，already，just連用），或者過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況（常與for，since連用）。例如： 1）I have just finished my homework. 2）Mary has been ill for three days. （2）常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：since, for, during, over等引導(dǎo)出的短語(yǔ)；副詞already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等；狀語(yǔ)詞組this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如： 1）I haven’t been there for five years. 2）So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation. 3）There have been a lot of changes since 1978. （3）完成時(shí)態(tài)可用在下列結(jié)構(gòu)中： This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定語(yǔ)從句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定語(yǔ)從句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容詞最高級(jí)+ n +定語(yǔ)從句。如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般過(guò)去時(shí)，從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： （1）This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. （2）There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2． 過(guò)去完成時(shí) （1）表示過(guò)去某時(shí)間前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況，這個(gè)過(guò)去的時(shí)間可以用by，before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示；或者表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作在另一個(gè)過(guò)去動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)完成。例如： 1）We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2）By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. （2）動(dòng)詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，表示過(guò)去的希望、預(yù)期、意圖或愿望等沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)。例如： I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. 另外兩種表示“過(guò)去想做而未做的事”的表達(dá)方式是： 1）was / were + to have done sth, 例如： We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t. 2）intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如： I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. （3）過(guò)去完成時(shí)常用于以下固定句型： 1）hardly, scarcely, barely + 過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ when + 過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2）no sooner +過(guò)去完成時(shí)+ than +過(guò)去時(shí)。例如： No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3）by (the end of ) +過(guò)去時(shí)間，主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如： The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 3． 將來(lái)完成時(shí) 將來(lái)完成時(shí)表示在將來(lái)某一時(shí)刻將完成或在另一個(gè)未來(lái)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作；也可以用來(lái)表示一種猜測(cè)。常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：by (the time / the end of ) + 表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的短語(yǔ)和句子；before (the end of ) + 表示將來(lái)時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)或句子；when, after等加上表示將來(lái)動(dòng)作的句子等。例如： 1）By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2）I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock. 3）When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4． 完成進(jìn)行時(shí) 完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是完成時(shí)的強(qiáng)調(diào)形式，有現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。 （1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如： I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it. （2）過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻之前開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻。例如： It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places.