知識(shí)梳理1】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)1. 表示普遍真理或客觀事實(shí)。Light travels faster than sound.2. 表示現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。She is always ready to help others.3. 表示將來時(shí)間（用于某些條件狀語從句和時(shí)間狀語從句中）。We will save time if we drive instead of taking a bus.I will make a phone call to you as soon as I reach the destination.4. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式通常與動(dòng)詞原形相同，但在主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，詞尾加-s或 -es，其規(guī)則如下：1)一般動(dòng)詞都在詞尾加-s，如:digs, sings, looks, lives, cleans 等。2 )當(dāng)動(dòng)詞以s，sh, ch, x，o 結(jié)尾時(shí)，加-es，如：presses，washes, watches, fixes, goes 等。3)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾時(shí)，先將y成變i，再加-es,如:flies, cries, studies等。4)如動(dòng)詞以元音字母+y結(jié)尾時(shí)，直接加-s,如:says, buys, plays等。5)動(dòng)詞be的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，依據(jù)不同人稱和數(shù)分別釆用am, is,are三種形式。動(dòng)詞have的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，依據(jù)不同人稱和數(shù)分別釆用have, has兩種形式。6)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語：often, always, usually, sometimes, every day, once a week 等。 【知識(shí)梳理2】—般過去時(shí)1. 表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的事情。The traffic accident happened ten minutes ago.2. 表示過去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。When he was young, my father often swam in the river.3. —般過去時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式除不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞外，通常以動(dòng)詞原形加-ed表示，即動(dòng)詞的過去式;動(dòng)詞be的過去式為was, were。動(dòng)詞過去式的規(guī)則如下：1)一般動(dòng)詞都在詞尾加-ed，如：played，listened, turned, fixed, looked 等。2)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞以e 結(jié)尾時(shí)，只加-d，如：liked，danced, agreed, skated 等。3)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾時(shí)，先將y成變i，再加-ed，如：cried,studied, carried等。4)當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為重讀閉音節(jié)或以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾時(shí)，要重復(fù)詞尾的輔音字母，再加-ed，如： stopped, preferred, regretted 等。5)一般過去時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday，last year, three days ago, just now, in 1978 等。【鞏固練習(xí)】1. The bank robbery (happen) last night.2. Water (boil) at the temperature of 100°C .3. This kind of TV (make) in Shanghai.4. In the past, there (be) only single-decker buses.5. Matter (change) from one state to another.6. The electric light (invent) by Edison.7. (raise) your hand if you (know) the answer.8. Tom ________ (drop) the vase(花瓶）and (break) it a moment ago.9. Yesterday he (not realize) what a serious mistake he_________ (make).10. The First World War (take) place in 1914. Old John (fight) in it.Keys: 1. happened 2.boils 3. is made 4. were 5. changes 6. was invented 7. Raise, how 8. dropped, broke9. didn’t realize, had made 10. took, fought【知識(shí)梳理3】現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作?！猈hat are you doing now?—We are having a test.2. 表示現(xiàn)階段暫時(shí)的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作，該動(dòng)作說話時(shí)不一定正在進(jìn)行。Mr. Brown is a teacher of maths, but he is now teaching computer lessons.3. 表示不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常帶always等頻度副詞，而且?guī)в懈星樯?。Alice is always helping others.4. 表示漸進(jìn)的過程，通常適用于表示“轉(zhuǎn)變”的動(dòng)詞。When autumn comes, the weather is getting cooler and cooler.5. 表示即將發(fā)生的事情，通常適用于暫短性動(dòng)詞。Pm going to Paris for my holidays next week.6. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式通常以助動(dòng)詞be(am, is, are)及動(dòng)詞原形加-ing，即動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞表示，其規(guī)則如下：1) 一般動(dòng)詞都在詞尾加-ing，如：working，planting, carrying, discussing 等。2) 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞以-e結(jié)尾時(shí)，先去掉-e，再加-ing，如：shining, leaving, skating, writing。以-oe，-ee，-ye 結(jié)尾的動(dòng)詞，直接加-ing，如：hoeing，dyeing，agreeing 等.還有特殊變化的，如:die+ing—dying lie+ing—lying3) 當(dāng)動(dòng)詞為重讀閉音節(jié)或以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾時(shí)，要重復(fù)詞尾的輔音字母，再加-ing,如： running, stopping, swimming, beginning 等.7. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語有:now, nowadays, at the moment, these days等。 【知識(shí)梳理4】過去進(jìn)行時(shí)1. 表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。We were taking a walk when we met our maths teacher.2. 表示過去某個(gè)階段暫時(shí)性習(xí)慣動(dòng)作。He is a driver, but at that time he was working in a factory.3. 表示過去不斷重復(fù)的動(dòng)作。Mrs. Green was always complaining about something.4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞形式通常以助動(dòng)詞be (was，were)加動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞-ing形式表示， 其構(gòu)成規(guī)則與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)相同。5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語有：this time yesterday, at that time, at the moment 等。 【鞏固練習(xí)】1. Don’t make any noise. The teachers (have) a meeting.2. Betty (make) a telephone call to her pen pal at that time yesterday.3. I (not do) anything at the moment.4. He told me that my mother (wait) for me outside.5. Spring is here. It (get) warmer and warmer.6. What you (do) when I called you yesterday evening?7. All those wastes (pollute) the river these years.8. My mother (cook) in the kitchen when my father returned home.9. I (see) him when I (walk) in the park.10. It (rain) at the moment, so we (stay) indoors yesterday afternoon.Keys: 1. are having 2. was making 3. am not doing4. was waiting5.is getting6. were, doing7. are polluting8.was cooking 9. saw, was walking 10. was raining, stayed 【知識(shí)梳理5】現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)含義 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但影響卻一直持續(xù)，也就是說, 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含義是：現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含義是：已可以吃飯了。) Michael has been ill. (含義是：現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱。) He has returned from abroad. (含義是：現(xiàn)在已在此地)二、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)：助動(dòng)詞have /has+動(dòng)詞過去分詞。三、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用法1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻的、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常與for, since連用。 e.g. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998.2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven’t seen much of him recently/lately. We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用，如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasions等：e.g. Have you ever been to Beijing? I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等。e.g. Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain this year. The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前就已完成的動(dòng)作, 雖然其效果或影響仍然存在但已不再繼續(xù), 但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子，在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間，則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作就表示延續(xù)性。E.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.)★考點(diǎn);have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的區(qū)別: have/ has gone to 去了某地 have/ has been to 去過某地 have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在…, 常與一段時(shí)間連用 e.g. She has been to Shanghai twice. 她曾去過上海兩次。 She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。 Has he gone to Qingdao? 他去青島了嗎？