Sophie小蕉
一、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念及基本構(gòu)成形式獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(the absolute structure)是由名詞或代詞加上分詞或分詞短語構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，用于修飾整個(gè)句子，而不是一個(gè)詞或詞組。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞或分詞短語構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的位置相當(dāng)靈活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。例如：1)Night enshrouding the earth,nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.(黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠(yuǎn)處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語，尤其是描述性語言中，在口語和非正式文體中，一般用從句或兩個(gè)句子來代替。例如，上述例句可變?yōu)椋憾ⅹ?dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特殊構(gòu)成形式獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)除上述基本構(gòu)成形式，即名詞／代詞＋分詞(短語)外，還有如下特殊構(gòu)成形式。1.名詞＋介詞短語1)The mayor of Hiroshima strode at a leisure pace toward the puzzled journalist,a bunch of flowers in his hands.(廣島市市長雙手捧著一束鮮花，邁著方步走向那個(gè)迷惑不解的記者。) 2.名詞＋形容詞(短語) 1)The Trojans asleep,the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.(特洛伊人睡著了，于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。) 3.名詞＋副詞1)This little excitement over,nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.(一陣小小的興奮過后，除了再去死死地盯著我的啞伴外，別無它事可干了。) 此外，with常常用在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)前，構(gòu)成介詞短語作狀語。這種用法中的with不表達(dá)什么意義，因而?？墒÷浴Ｕ埧蠢洌?)With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door and smashed it down with a crash.(約翰尼右手拿著左輪手槍，健壯的身體猛撲在門上，轟隆一聲把門撞開了。) 三、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。1.作時(shí)間狀語1)My shoes removed,I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.＝After my shoes were removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft tatami matting.(我脫掉鞋子后，走進(jìn)一間屋頂很低的房間，小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米墊子上。) 2.作條件狀語1)Weather permitting,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.＝If weather permits,they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.(如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。) 3.作原因狀語1)The storm drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.＝Since the storm was drawing near,the navvy decided to call it a day.(由于暴風(fēng)雨即將來臨，那個(gè)挖土小工決定收工。) 4.作伴隨狀語1)I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people falling back respectfully on either side.＝I took my ticket,and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,and the people fell back respectfully on either side.(我拿著車票還有我的奶酪，雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺(tái)。人們似乎很尊敬我，紛紛向兩邊退去。)還可以看這個(gè)PPT文檔：
念念1218
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)經(jīng)典例句有以下：
1、名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜籠罩大地，誰也看不清遠(yuǎn)處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。
2、名詞(代詞)+過去分詞
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。
3、名詞(代詞)+不定式
在“名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)的形式;如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，則用被動(dòng)形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。
4、名詞(代詞)+形容詞
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.特洛伊人睡著了，于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。
5、名詞(代詞)+副詞
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散會(huì)了，校長很快就離開了會(huì)議室。
6、名詞(代詞)+名詞
His first shot failure，he fired again.
他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。
7、名詞(代詞) +介詞短語
He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，頭枕著左臂，直挺挺地趴伏著。
需知：
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等。例如：
表示時(shí)間
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 開完會(huì)后我們都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。
巧克力麥乳精
所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”的語法形式，簡單的理解就是：在一個(gè)句子中，將本可以用從句的修飾成分改用非謂語形式的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)表現(xiàn)出來，以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)更加緊湊，從而避免使用復(fù)合句?；蛘邔蓚€(gè)句子改用一個(gè)句子表達(dá)。例：The meeting being over, all of us went home.（原為兩個(gè)句子：The meeting was over. All of us went home. —— 從句的謂語動(dòng)詞改成了現(xiàn)在分詞。）Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.（原為兩個(gè)句子：Almost all metals are good conductor. Silver is the best of all.—— 同上）We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.（從句形式為：We shall play the match tomorrow if weather permits.—— 同上）The job finished, we went home.（從句形式：Since he job was finished, we went home.—— 條件狀語從句改成被動(dòng)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。）More time given, we should have done the job much better.（從句形式：If more time had been given, we should have done the job much better.—— 虛擬語氣，條件狀語從句改成被動(dòng)分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。）......比較有從句的復(fù)合句型，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)顯然更緊湊，更適合書面表達(dá)。
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