Aaccounting 會計accounting cost 會計成本 accounting profit 會計利潤 adverse selection 逆向選擇 allocation 配置 allocation of resources 資源配置 allocative efficiency 配置效率antitrust legislation 反托拉斯法 arc elasticity 弧彈性 Arrow's impossibility theorem 阿羅不可能定理 Assumption 假設(shè) asymetric information 非對稱性信息 average 平均 average cost 平均成本 average cost pricing 平均成本定價法 average fixed cost 平均固定成本 average product of capital 資本平均產(chǎn)量 average product of labour 勞動平均產(chǎn)量 average revenue 平均收益 average total cost 平均總成本 average variable cost 平均可變成本 Bbarriers to entry 進入壁壘base year 基年bilateral monopoly 雙邊壟斷benefit 收益black market 黑市bliss point 極樂點boundary point 邊界點break even point 收支相抵點budget 預(yù)算budget constraint 預(yù)算約束budget line 預(yù)算線budget set 預(yù)算集Ccapital 資本capital stock 資本存量capital output ratio 資本產(chǎn)出比率capitalism 資本主義cardinal utility theory 基數(shù)效用論cartel 卡特爾ceteris puribus assumption “其他條件不變”的假設(shè)ceteris puribus demand curve 其他因素不變的需求曲線Chamberlin model 張伯倫模型change in demand 需求變化change in quantity demanded 需求量變化change in quantity supplied 供給量變化change in supply 供給變化 choice 選擇closed set 閉集Coase theorem 科斯定理Cobb—Douglas production function 柯布--道格拉斯生產(chǎn)函數(shù)cobweb model 蛛網(wǎng)模型collective bargaining 集體協(xié)議工資 collusion 合謀command economy 指令經(jīng)濟 commodity 商品commodity combination 商品組合 commodity market 商品市場commodity space 商品空間common property 公用財產(chǎn) comparative static analysis 比較靜態(tài)分析compensated budget line 補償預(yù)算線compensated demand function 補償需求函數(shù) compensation principles 補償原則 compensating variation in income 收入補償變量competition 競爭competitive market 競爭性市場complement goods 互補品 complete information 完全信息completeness 完備性condition for efficiency in exchange 交換的最優(yōu)條件condition for efficiency in production 生產(chǎn)的最優(yōu)條件concave 凹concave function 凹函數(shù)concave preference 凹偏好consistence 一致性constant cost industry 成本不變產(chǎn)業(yè)constant returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬不變constraints 約束consumer 消費者consumer behavior 消費者行為consumer choice 消費者選擇consumer equilibrium 消費者均衡consumer optimization 消費者優(yōu)化consumer preference 消費者偏好consumer surplus 消費者剩余consumer theory 消費者理論consumption 消費consumption bundle 消費束consumption combination 消費組合consumption possibility curve 消費可能曲線consumption possibility frontier 消費可能性前沿consumption set 消費集consumption space 消費空間continuity 連續(xù)性continuous function 連續(xù)函數(shù)contract curve 契約曲線 convex 凸 convex function 凸函數(shù) convex preference 凸偏好 convex set 凸集 corporatlon 公司 cost 成本 cost benefit analysis 成本收益分 cost function 成本函數(shù) cost minimization 成本極小化 Cournot equilihrium 古諾均衡 Cournot model 古諾模型Cross—price elasticity 交叉價格彈性 Ddead—weights loss 重負(fù)損失 decreasing cost industry 成本遞減產(chǎn)業(yè) decreasing returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬遞減deduction 演繹法demand 需求demand curve 需求曲線demand elasticity 需求彈性demand function 需求函數(shù)demand price 需求價格demand schedule 需求表depreciation 折舊derivative 導(dǎo)數(shù)derive demand 派生需求difference equation 差分方程differential equation 微分方程differentiated good 差異商品differentiated oligoply 差異寡頭diminishing marginal substitution 邊際替代率遞減diminishing marginal return 收益遞減diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減direct approach 直接法direct taxes 直接稅discounting 貼稅、折扣diseconomies of scale 規(guī)模不經(jīng)濟disequilibrium 非均衡 distribution 分配division of labour 勞動分工distribution theory of marginal productivity 邊際生產(chǎn)率分配論duoupoly 雙頭壟斷、雙寡duality 對偶durable goods 耐用品 dynamic analysis 動態(tài)分析dynamic models 動態(tài)模型EEconomic agents 經(jīng)濟行為者economic cost 經(jīng)濟成本economic efficiency 經(jīng)濟效率economic goods 經(jīng)濟物品economic man 經(jīng)濟人economic mode 經(jīng)濟模型economic profit 經(jīng)濟利潤economic region of production 生產(chǎn)的經(jīng)濟區(qū)域economic regulation 經(jīng)濟調(diào)節(jié)economic rent 經(jīng)濟租金 exchange 交換economics 經(jīng)濟學(xué)exchange efficiency 交換效率economy 經(jīng)濟exchange contract curve 交換契約曲線economy of scale 規(guī)模經(jīng)濟 Edgeworth box diagram 埃奇沃思圖exclusion 排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve 埃奇沃思契約線Edgeworth model 埃奇沃思模型efficiency 效率，效益efficiency parameter 效率參數(shù)elasticity 彈性elasticity of substitution 替代彈性endogenous variable 內(nèi)生變量endowment 稟賦endowment of resources 資源稟賦Engel curve 恩格爾曲線entrepreneur 企業(yè)家entrepreneurship 企業(yè)家才能entry barriers 進入壁壘entry/exit decision 進出決策envolope curve 包絡(luò)線equilibrium 均衡equilibrium condition 均衡條件equilibrium price 均衡價格equilibrium quantity 均衡產(chǎn)量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income 收入等價變量excess—capacity theorem 過度生產(chǎn)能力定理excess supply 過度供給exchange 交換exchange contract curve 交換契約曲線exclusion 排斥性、排他性exclusion principle 排他性原則existence 存在性existence of general equilibrium 總體均衡的存在性exogenous variables 外生變量expansion paths 擴展徑expectation 期望expected utility 期望效用expected value 期望值expenditure 支出explicit cost 顯性成本external benefit 外部收益external cost 外部成本external economy 外部經(jīng)濟external diseconomy 外部不經(jīng)濟externalities 外部性F Factor 要素factor demand 要素需求factor market 要素市場factors of production 生產(chǎn)要素factor substitution 要素替代factor supply 要素供給fallacy of composition 合成謬誤final goods 最終產(chǎn)品firm 企業(yè)firms’demand curve for labor 企業(yè)勞動需求曲線firm supply curve 企業(yè)供給曲線first-degree price discrimination 第一級價格歧視 first—order condition 一階條件fixed costs 固定成本fixed input 固定投入fixed proportions production function 固定比例的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)flow 流量fluctuation 波動for whom to produce 為誰生產(chǎn)free entry 自由進入free goods 自由品，免費品free mobility of resources 資源自由流動free rider 搭便車，免費搭車function 函數(shù) future value 未來值Ggame theory 對策論、博弈論general equilibrium 總體均衡general goods 一般商品Giffen goods 吉芬晶 收入補償需求曲線Giffen's Paradox 吉芬之謎 Gini coefficient 吉尼系數(shù) goldenrule 黃金規(guī)則 goods 貨物 government failure 政府失敗 government regulation 政府調(diào)控grand utility possibility curve 總效用可能曲線grand utility possibility frontier 總效用可能前沿Hheterogeneous product 異質(zhì)產(chǎn)品Hicks—kaldor welfare criterion ?？怂挂豢柖喔＠麡?biāo)準(zhǔn)homogeneity 齊次性homogeneous demand function 齊次需求函數(shù)homogeneous product 同質(zhì)產(chǎn)品homogeneous production function 齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)horizontal summation 水平和household 家庭how to produce 如何生產(chǎn)human capital 人力資本hypothesis 假說 I identity 恒等式imperfect competion 不完全競爭implicitcost 隱性成本income 收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint 收入約束income consumption curve 收入消費曲線income distribution 收入分配income effect 收入效應(yīng)income elasticity of demand 需求收入彈性increasing cost industry 成本遞增產(chǎn)業(yè)increasing returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬遞增inefficiency 缺乏效率index number 指數(shù)indifference 無差異indifference curve 無差異曲線indifference map 無差異族indifference relation 無差異關(guān)系indifference set 無差異集indirect approach 間接法 individual analysis 個量分析individual demand curve 個人需求曲線individual demand function 個人需求函數(shù)induced variable 引致變量induction 歸納法industry 產(chǎn)業(yè)industry equilibrium 產(chǎn)業(yè)均衡industry supply curve 產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線inelastic 缺乏彈性的inferior goods 劣品inflection point 拐點information 信息information cost 信息成本initial condition 初始條件initial endowment 初始稟賦innovation 創(chuàng)新input 投入input—output 投入—產(chǎn)出institution 制度institutional economics 制度經(jīng)濟學(xué)insurance 保險intercept 截距interest 利息interest rate 利息率intermediate goods 中間產(chǎn)品internatization of externalities 外部性內(nèi)部化invention 發(fā)明inverse demand function 逆需求函數(shù)investment 投資invisible hand 看不見的手isocost line 等成本線，isoprofit curve 等利潤曲線isoquant curve 等產(chǎn)量曲線isoquant map 等產(chǎn)量族Kkinded—demand curve 彎折的需求曲線 Llabour 勞動labour demand 勞動需求labour supply 勞動供給labour theory of value 勞動價值論labour unions 工會laissez faire 自由放任Lagrangian function 拉格朗日函數(shù)Lagrangian multiplier 拉格朗乘數(shù)，land 土地law 法則 law of demand and supply 供需法 law of diminishing marginal utility 邊際效用遞減法則law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution 邊際替代率遞減法則law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution 邊際技術(shù)替代率law of increasing cost 成本遞增法則law of one price 單一價格法則leader—follower model 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者--跟隨者模型least—cost combination of inputs 最低成本的投入組合leisure 閑暇Leontief production function 列昂節(jié)夫生產(chǎn)函數(shù)licenses 許可證linear demand function 線性需求函數(shù)linear homogeneity 線性齊次性linear homogeneous production function 線性齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)long run長期long run average cost 長期平均成本long run equilibrium 長期均衡long run industry supply curve 長期產(chǎn)業(yè)供給曲線long run marginal cost 長期邊際成本long run total cost 長期總成本Lorenz curve 洛倫茲曲線loss minimization 損失極小化1ump sum tax 一次性征稅luxury 奢侈品Mmacroeconomics 宏觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)marginal 邊際的marginal benefit 邊際收益marginal cost 邊際成本marginal cost pricing 邊際成本定價marginal cost of factor 邊際要素成本marginal period 市場期marginal physical productivity 實際實物生產(chǎn)率marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量marginal product of capital 資本的邊際產(chǎn)量marginal product of 1abour 勞動的邊際產(chǎn)量marginal productivity 邊際生產(chǎn)率marginal rate of substitution 邊替代率marginal rate of transformation 邊際轉(zhuǎn)換率marginal returns 邊際回報marginal revenue 邊際收益marginal revenue product 邊際收益產(chǎn)品marginal revolution 邊際革命marginal social benefit 社會邊際收益marginal social cost 社會邊際成本marginal utility 邊際效用marginal value products 邊際價值產(chǎn)品market 市場market clearance 市場結(jié)清，市場洗清market demand 市場需求market economy 市場經(jīng)濟market equilibrium 市場均衡market failure 市場失敗market mechanism 市場機制market structure 市場結(jié)構(gòu)market separation 市場分割market regulation 市場調(diào)節(jié)market share 市場份額markup pricing 加減定價法Marshallian demand function 馬歇爾需求函數(shù)maximization 極大化microeconomics 微觀經(jīng)濟學(xué)minimum wage 最低工資misallocation of resources 資源誤置mixed economy 混合經(jīng)濟model 模型money 貨幣monopolistic competition 壟斷競爭monopolistic exploitation 壟斷剝削monopoly 壟斷，賣方壟斷monopoly equilibrium 壟斷均衡monopoly pricing 壟斷定價monopoly regulation 壟斷調(diào)控monopoly rents 壟斷租金monopsony 買方壟斷NNash equilibrium 納什均衡Natural monopoly 自然壟斷Natural resources 自然資源Necessary condition 必要條件necessities 必需品net demand 凈需求nonconvex preference 非凸性偏好nonconvexity 非凸性nonexclusion 非排斥性nonlinear pricing 非線性定價nonrivalry 非對抗性nonprice competition 非價格競爭nonsatiation 非飽和性non--zero—sum game 非零和對策normal goods 正常品normal profit 正常利潤normative economics 規(guī)范經(jīng)濟學(xué)O objective function 目標(biāo)函數(shù)oligopoly 寡頭壟斷oligopoly market 寡頭市場oligopoly model 寡頭模型opportunity cost 機會成本optimal choice 最佳選擇optimal consumption bundle 消費束 perfect elasticity 完全有彈性optimal resource allocation 最佳資源配置optimal scale 最佳規(guī)模optimal solution 最優(yōu)解optimization 優(yōu)化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社會)偏好排序ordinal utility 序數(shù)效用ordinary goods 一般品output 產(chǎn)量、產(chǎn)出output elasticity 產(chǎn)出彈性output maximization 產(chǎn)出極大化Pparameter 參數(shù)Pareto criterion 帕累托標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Pareto efficiency 帕累托效率Pareto improvement 帕累托改進Pareto optimality 帕累托優(yōu)化Pareto set 帕累托集partial derivative 偏導(dǎo)數(shù)partial equilibrium 局部均衡patent 專利pay off matrix 收益矩陣、支付矩陣perceived demand curve 感覺到的需求曲線perfect competition 完全競爭perfect complement 完全互補品perfect monopoly 完全壟斷perfect price discrimination 完全價格歧視perfect substitution 完全替代品perfect inelasticity 完全無彈性perfectly elastic 完全有彈性perfectly inelastic 完全無彈性plant size 工廠規(guī)模point elasticity 點彈性positive economics 實證經(jīng)濟學(xué)post Hoc Fallacy 后此謬誤prediction 預(yù)測preference 偏好preference relation 偏好關(guān)系present value 現(xiàn)值price 價格price adjustment model 價格調(diào)整模型price ceiling 最高限價price consumption curve 價格費曲線price control 價格管制price difference 價格差別price discrimination 價格歧視price elasticity of demand 需求價格彈性price elasticity of supply 供給價格彈性price floor 最低限價price maker 價格制定者price rigidity 價格剛性price seeker 價格搜求者price taker 價格接受者price tax 從價稅private benefit 私人收益principal—agent issues 委托--代理問題private cost 私人成本 private goods 私人用品 private property 私人財產(chǎn) producer equilibrium 生產(chǎn)者均衡producer theory 生產(chǎn)者理論 product 產(chǎn)品 product transformation curve 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換曲線 product differentiation 產(chǎn)品差異product group 產(chǎn)品集團production 生產(chǎn)production contract curve 生產(chǎn)契約曲線production efficiency 生產(chǎn)效率production function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)production possibility curve 生產(chǎn)可能性曲線productivity 生產(chǎn)率productivity of capital 資本生產(chǎn)率productivity of labor 勞動生產(chǎn)率profit 利潤profit function 利潤函數(shù)profit maximization 利潤極大化property rights 產(chǎn)權(quán)property rights economics 產(chǎn)權(quán)經(jīng)濟學(xué)proposition 定理proportional demand curve 成比例的需求曲線public benefits 公共收益public choice 公共選擇public goods 公共商品pure competition 純粹競爭 rivalry 對抗性、競爭pure exchange 純交換pure monopoly 純粹壟斷Q quantity—adjustment model 數(shù)量調(diào)整模型quantity tax 從量稅quasi—rent 準(zhǔn)租金Rrate of product transformation 產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)換率rationality 理性reaction function 反應(yīng)函數(shù)regulation 調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)控relative price 相對價格rent 租金rent control 規(guī)模報酬rent seeking 尋租rent seeking economics 尋租經(jīng)濟學(xué)resource 資源resource allocation 資源配置returns 報酬、回報returns to scale 規(guī)模報酬revealed preference 顯示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve 收益曲線revenue function 收益函數(shù)revenue maximization 收益極大化ridge line 脊線risk 風(fēng)險Ssatiation 飽和，滿足 saving 儲蓄 scarcity 稀缺性 law of scarcity 稀缺法則 second—degree price discrimination 二級價格歧視 second derivative --階導(dǎo)數(shù) second—order condition 二階條件service 勞務(wù) set 集 shadow prices 影子價格 short—run 短期 short—run cost curve 短期成本曲線 short—run equilibrium 短期均衡 short—run supply curve 短期供給曲線 shut down decision 關(guān)閉決策 shortage 短缺 shut down point 關(guān)閉點 single price monopoly 單一定價壟斷slope 斜率 social benefit 社會收益social cost 社會成本 social indifference curve 社會無差異曲線 social preference 社會偏好social security 社會保障 social welfare function 社會福利函數(shù) socialism 社會主義solution 解space 空間stability 穩(wěn)定性stable equilibrium 穩(wěn)定的均衡Stackelberg model 斯塔克爾貝格模型static analysis 靜態(tài)分析stock 存量stock market 股票市場strategy 策略subsidy 津貼substitutes 替代品substitution effect 替代效應(yīng)substitution parameter 替代參數(shù)sufficient condition 充分條件supply 供給supply curve 供給曲線supply function 供給函數(shù)supply schedule 供給表Sweezy model 斯威齊模型symmetry 對稱性symmetry of information 信息對稱T tangency 相切taste 興致technical efficiency 技術(shù)效率technological constraints 技術(shù)約束technological progress 技術(shù)進步technology 技術(shù)third—degree price discrimination 第三級價格歧視total cost 總成本total effect 總效應(yīng)total expenditure 總支出total fixed cost 總固定成本total product 總產(chǎn)量total revenue 總收益total utility 總效用total variable cost 總可變成本traditional economy 傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟transitivity 傳遞性transaction cost 交易費用Uuncertainty 不確定性uniqueness 唯一性unit elasticity 單位彈性unstable equilibrium 不穩(wěn)定均衡utility 效用utility function 效用函數(shù)utility index 效用指數(shù)utility maximization 效用極大化utility possibility curve 效用可能性曲線utility possibility frontier 效用可能性前沿Vvalue 價值value judge 價值判斷value of marginal product 邊際產(chǎn)量價值variable cost 可變成本variable input 可變投入variables 變量vector 向量 visible hand 看得見的手vulgur economics 庸俗經(jīng)濟學(xué)Wwage 工資wage rate 工資率Walras general equilibrium 瓦爾拉斯總體均衡Walras's law 瓦爾拉斯法則Wants 需要Welfare criterion 福利標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Welfare economics 福利經(jīng)學(xué)Welfare loss triangle 福利損失三角形welfare maximization 福利極大化Zzero cost 零成本zero elasticity 零彈性zero homogeneity 零階齊次性zero economic profit 零利潤