portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>很高興有機(jī)會(huì)和大家談?wù)劥髮W(xué)精神的演變。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>中國(guó)產(chǎn)生現(xiàn)代大學(xué)已經(jīng)100多了。清末洋務(wù)運(yùn)動(dòng)和戊戌變法,出現(xiàn)了第一批新式學(xué)堂,新政中廢除科舉,建立現(xiàn)代學(xué)制,中國(guó)興辦了更多的大學(xué)。一個(gè)世紀(jì)以來,中國(guó)的大學(xué)精神發(fā)生過怎樣的變化?也是一個(gè)很有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義的問題。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>一
portant; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>這一個(gè)世紀(jì),可以分為兩部分,前一部分是民國(guó),到1949為止,后一部分是共和國(guó),從50代到現(xiàn)在。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>前一部分,又可分為兩小段,北洋時(shí)期是中國(guó)現(xiàn)代大學(xué)教育的草創(chuàng)期,大學(xué)精神的形成期,大學(xué)數(shù)量不多,規(guī)模不大,但起點(diǎn)很高。當(dāng)時(shí)的基本格局是公立、私立、教會(huì)三足鼎立。把中國(guó)大學(xué)帶到高起點(diǎn)上第一個(gè)教育家,就是蔡元培。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>蔡元培擔(dān)任北京大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)時(shí)間不到三,但一直影響到今天。他主張的兼容并包,網(wǎng)羅百家,大學(xué)獨(dú)立,學(xué)術(shù)自由,教授治校,學(xué)生自治,到現(xiàn)在還是我們的愿景。他對(duì)大學(xué)的定位是:大學(xué)者,研究高深學(xué)問者也。大學(xué)為純粹研究學(xué)問之機(jī)關(guān),不可視為養(yǎng)成資格之所,亦不可視為販賣知識(shí)之所。學(xué)者當(dāng)有研究學(xué)問之興趣,尤當(dāng)養(yǎng)成學(xué)問家之人格。今天也不過時(shí)。他是這么說的,也是這么做的。他不但網(wǎng)羅了陳獨(dú)秀、胡適這樣的新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)的領(lǐng)袖,也網(wǎng)羅了辜鴻銘這樣的文化保守主義的高人。梁漱溟沒有大學(xué)學(xué)歷,只有中學(xué)學(xué)歷,但他發(fā)表了一篇論文《究元決疑論》顯示了學(xué)術(shù)水平,蔡校長(zhǎng)就請(qǐng)北大教印度哲學(xué)。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>蔡先生為什么能夠站得高,成為開中國(guó)大學(xué)風(fēng)氣之先的人物?他有四個(gè)條件,第一,他是清末進(jìn)士,是深通傳統(tǒng)文化的學(xué)者。第二,他是革命元?jiǎng)?,光?fù)會(huì)創(chuàng)始人,同盟會(huì)上海分會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)人。第三,他是先當(dāng)教育總長(zhǎng),后當(dāng)北大校長(zhǎng)。第四,他留學(xué)德國(guó)法國(guó)。留學(xué)德國(guó)很重要。當(dāng)時(shí)世界高等教育最先進(jìn)的不是美國(guó),而是德國(guó)。19世紀(jì),德國(guó)不但產(chǎn)生洪堡這樣偉大的教育家,同時(shí)也出現(xiàn)威廉三世這樣的君主,他提出了這樣的理念:大學(xué)是科學(xué)工作者無(wú)所不包的廣闊天地,科學(xué)無(wú)禁區(qū),科學(xué)無(wú)權(quán)威,科學(xué)自由。帝政時(shí)代的德給大學(xué)充分的財(cái)政經(jīng)費(fèi),保證教授有很好的生活待遇,但絕不干預(yù)大學(xué)的自我管理和學(xué)術(shù)自由。直到希特勒上臺(tái)以前,德國(guó)的大學(xué)水平是最高的,諾貝爾獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)呤亲疃嗟摹OL乩丈吓_(tái)以后,迫害猶太人,猶太知識(shí)精英大批流亡,流亡到七十多個(gè)國(guó)家,美國(guó)的民間社會(huì)很發(fā)達(dá),收留其中的四分之一,美國(guó)給他們提供了大顯身手的天地,使他們有機(jī)會(huì)成為原子彈之父、氫彈之父、電子計(jì)算機(jī)之父,把美國(guó)的大學(xué)推上了世界領(lǐng)先水平,從而保持國(guó)家的領(lǐng)先地位。所以,李工真說,德國(guó)模式是國(guó)興科教,美國(guó)模式是科教興國(guó)。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>北洋時(shí)期是武夫當(dāng)國(guó),領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人像走馬燈一樣,你上我下,政局很不穩(wěn)定,民生無(wú)保障。但主政者對(duì)教育、對(duì)思想文化基本上不控制,不干預(yù)。蔡元培怎么辦學(xué),不需要請(qǐng)示誰(shuí)。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>1926portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>北京發(fā)生的三一八慘案,本來是國(guó)共兩黨發(fā)動(dòng)的政治抗議活動(dòng),但政府衛(wèi)隊(duì)打死了請(qǐng)?jiān)傅膶W(xué)生,段祺瑞還是趕到現(xiàn)場(chǎng),面對(duì)死者長(zhǎng)跪不起,之后又處罰了兇手,從此終生食素,表示懺悔。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>1928portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>以后,進(jìn)入國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治時(shí)代。蔣介石比北洋軍閥強(qiáng)勢(shì),他主張以黨治國(guó),國(guó)民黨政府主張黨化教育。但是在國(guó)民黨統(tǒng)治時(shí)期,對(duì)大學(xué)的控制是有限的。要求大學(xué)開設(shè)黨義課,講三民主義,大學(xué)并不認(rèn)真對(duì)待。當(dāng)時(shí)大學(xué)具有相當(dāng)?shù)莫?dú)立性,大學(xué)的校長(zhǎng)、教授在政府面前,沒有失去尊嚴(yán),放棄獨(dú)立。蔣介石派羅家倫當(dāng)清華大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)。羅家倫是五四運(yùn)動(dòng)的學(xué)生領(lǐng)袖,留學(xué)歸來,比較強(qiáng)勢(shì),要在學(xué)校實(shí)行軍訓(xùn),遭到抵制,只好走人。后來的清華大學(xué)校長(zhǎng)梅貽琦是教育家,他對(duì)大學(xué)有一個(gè)著名的概括,大學(xué)者,有大師之謂也,非大樓之謂也。他尊重教授。清華大學(xué)他主政時(shí)間最長(zhǎng),成就最高。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>西南聯(lián)大時(shí)期,馮友蘭曾代表西南聯(lián)大校方致教育部陳立夫部長(zhǎng)一封信,很能說明當(dāng)時(shí)大學(xué)和政府的關(guān)系:
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>敬悉部中對(duì)于大學(xué)應(yīng)設(shè)課程及考核學(xué)生成績(jī)方法均有詳細(xì)規(guī)定、其各課程亦須呈部核示。部中重視高等教育,故指示不厭其詳,但準(zhǔn)此以往則大學(xué)將直等于教育部高等教育司中一科,同人不敏,竊有未喻。夫大學(xué)為最高學(xué)府,包羅萬(wàn)象,要當(dāng)同歸而殊途,一致而百慮,豈可刻板文章,勒令從同。世界各著名大學(xué)之課程表,未有千篇一律者;即同一課程,各大學(xué)所授之內(nèi)容亦未有一成不變者。唯其如此,所以能推陳出新,而學(xué)術(shù)乃可日臻進(jìn)步也。如牛津、劍橋即在同一大學(xué)之中,其各學(xué)院之內(nèi)容亦大不相同,彼豈不能令其整齊劃一,知其不可亦不必也。今教部對(duì)于各大學(xué)束縛馳驟,有見于齊無(wú)見于畸,此同人所未喻者一也。教部為最高教育行政機(jī)關(guān),大學(xué)為最高教育學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)關(guān),教部可視大學(xué)研究教學(xué)之成績(jī),以為賞罰殿最。但如何研究教學(xué),則宜予大學(xué)以回旋之自由。律以孫中山先生權(quán)、能分立之說,則教育部為有權(quán)者,大學(xué)為有能者,權(quán)、能分職,事乃以治。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>今教育部之設(shè)施,將使權(quán)能不分,責(zé)任不明,此同人所未喻者二也。教育部為政府機(jī)關(guān),當(dāng)局時(shí)有進(jìn)退;大學(xué)百樹人,政策設(shè)施宜常不宜變。若大學(xué)內(nèi)部甚至一課程之興廢亦須聽命教部,則必將受部中當(dāng)局進(jìn)退之影響,朝令夕改,其何以策研究之進(jìn)行,肅學(xué)生之視聽,而堅(jiān)其心志,此同人所未喻者三也。師嚴(yán)而后道尊,亦可謂道尊而后師嚴(yán)。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>今教授所授之課程,必經(jīng)教部之指定,其課程之內(nèi)容亦須經(jīng)教部之核準(zhǔn),使教授在學(xué)生心目中為教育部之一科員不若。在教授固已不能自展其才,在學(xué)生尤啟輕視教授之念,于部中提倡導(dǎo)師制之意適為相反。此同人所未喻者四也。教部今日之員司多為昨日之教授,在學(xué)校則一籌不準(zhǔn)其自展,在部中則忽然周智于萬(wàn)物,人非至圣,何能如此。此同人所未喻者五也。然全國(guó)公私立大學(xué)之程度不齊,教部訓(xùn)令或系專為比較落后之大學(xué)而發(fā),欲為之樹一標(biāo)準(zhǔn),以便策其上進(jìn),別有苦心,亦可共諒,若果如此,可否由校呈請(qǐng)將本校作為第某號(hào)等訓(xùn)令之例外。蓋本校承北大清華南開三校之舊,一切設(shè)施均有成規(guī),行之多,縱不敢謂為極有成績(jī),亦可謂為當(dāng)無(wú)流弊,似不必輕易更張。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>馮友蘭的信寫得比較委婉,但獨(dú)立精神還是躍然紙上。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>從1928到1949,雖然中國(guó)經(jīng)常處于戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)狀態(tài),大學(xué)的教學(xué)環(huán)境經(jīng)常受到?jīng)_擊,甚至放不下一張平靜的書桌,教授的待遇也沒有保障,像聞一多這樣的名教授,為了養(yǎng)家糊口,還要刻圖章掙錢。但這一時(shí)期大學(xué)的精神是獨(dú)立的,向上的。一批大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)水平是很高的,出現(xiàn)了一代真正的學(xué)術(shù)宗師,不論是自然科學(xué),還是社會(huì)人文科學(xué),奠基人差不多都產(chǎn)生于民國(guó)時(shí)代。民國(guó)時(shí)代不但有高水平的國(guó)立大學(xué),還有高水平的私立大學(xué)和教會(huì)大學(xué)。南開校長(zhǎng)張伯苓,燕京校長(zhǎng)司徒雷登,都是當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的教育家。民國(guó)時(shí)代的大學(xué)精神至今令人向往。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>二
portant; text-align: center; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>后一部分是中華人民共和國(guó)。這六十多,又可以分為三小段。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>第一段是毛澤東執(zhí)政的二十七。前一半學(xué)蘇聯(lián),后一半毛澤東自行實(shí)驗(yàn)。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>建國(guó)初期,就開始院系調(diào)整。按照蘇聯(lián)模式,把所有的大學(xué)打亂重組。蘇聯(lián)模式的特點(diǎn)是專業(yè)教育,目的是迅速培養(yǎng)國(guó)家需要的各類專業(yè)技術(shù)人才,而不是人的全面發(fā)展。原來那些綜合大學(xué)被拆散,變成文理學(xué)院、工學(xué)院、農(nóng)學(xué)院、醫(yī)學(xué)院、財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院等各種專門學(xué)院,專門學(xué)校。清華大學(xué)的中文系、歷史系、外語(yǔ)系,本來都是拔尖的,被并到其他院校,清華成了單一的工科大學(xué)。蔣南翔的指導(dǎo)思想是又紅又專,也有人歸納為聽話出活。最近,楊繼繩在資中筠自選集發(fā)布會(huì)上說,我和資大姐是校友,但你上的是清華大學(xué),我上的是五道口工學(xué)院。因?yàn)橘Y中筠在院系調(diào)整時(shí)畢業(yè)了,而楊繼繩1960代才入學(xué)。讀了五清華,沒聽說過陳寅恪,清華傳統(tǒng)都被割斷了。
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portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>院系調(diào)整使民國(guó)時(shí)代留下的一些一流大學(xué)大傷元?dú)?。至今不能恢?fù)。國(guó)立、私立、教會(huì)三足鼎立的格局,也變成公立學(xué)校的一統(tǒng)天下。
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>
portant; padding-bottom: 0px; widows: 1; text-transform: none; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0px; min-height: 1em; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; font: 16px/25px Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei, Arial, sans-serif; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; white-space: normal; letter-spacing: normal; color: rgb(62,62,62); clear: both; word-spacing: 0px; padding-top: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px>portant; padding-bottom: 0px; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; max-width: 100%; word-wrap: break-word !important; padding-top: 0px>思想改造運(yùn)動(dòng),從最有名望的高級(jí)知識(shí)分子,到一般的教師學(xué)生,都要從頭學(xué)習(xí)唯物史觀和唯物辯證法,放棄原來的世界觀、方法論。毛澤東不但要做秦始皇,而且要做孔夫子,集政治領(lǐng)袖和思想文化領(lǐng)袖于一身,實(shí)現(xiàn)意識(shí)形態(tài)領(lǐng)域的全面專政。中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代社會(huì)人文科學(xué),不論文、史、哲、經(jīng)、政,都用毛澤東的觀點(diǎn)統(tǒng)帥一切。有些學(xué)科,如社會(huì)學(xué),干脆取消。經(jīng)過批判胡適、批判胡風(fēng),特別是反右運(yùn)動(dòng),一批有獨(dú)立見解的教師、學(xué)生被打入另冊(cè),成為賤。