環(huán)境會計(jì)產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境 回顧環(huán)境會計(jì)產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展二十多年的歷史，可以看出環(huán)境會計(jì)是在自然環(huán)境遭受嚴(yán)重破壞、生態(tài)環(huán)境嚴(yán)重惡化、經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)受到威脅的背景下，人們在分析了傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)理論和方法的局限性基礎(chǔ)上提出的。 環(huán)境狀況的惡化對經(jīng)濟(jì)活動主體提出新的要求。 人類在生產(chǎn)和生活過程中，不斷從自然界取得資源，同時又將生產(chǎn)和生活中產(chǎn)生的廢物排放到環(huán)境中去。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和人口的增長，人類要求從自然界取得的資源越來越多，同時排放到自然界中的廢物也越來越多，超過了自然界的承受能力，導(dǎo)致生態(tài)破壞、環(huán)境污染等一系列環(huán)境問題。目前，世界各國都不同程度的存在著環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞問題，各國的環(huán)境問題又共同造成了全球性的環(huán)境問題。 面對越來越嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題，各國提高了對環(huán)境問題的重視程度，在世界范圍內(nèi)尋求合作以解決治理環(huán)境的國際協(xié)調(diào)問題。1987年，聯(lián)合國世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略，作為指導(dǎo)各國環(huán)境與發(fā)展實(shí)踐的共同戰(zhàn)略。所謂可持續(xù)發(fā)展是指既滿足當(dāng)代人的需要，以不對后代人滿足其需要的能力構(gòu)成危害的發(fā)展模式，其實(shí)質(zhì)在于限制、調(diào)整人類的各種活動特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)活動，在經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的發(fā)展過程中解決各種環(huán)境問題，使經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的發(fā)展建立在環(huán)境資源可以承受的基礎(chǔ)上，并促使其充分、持久地發(fā)展，從而最大限度地滿足當(dāng)代人和后代人的需要。 我國20年來的改革開放促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和國民經(jīng)濟(jì)高速增長，創(chuàng)造了巨大的物質(zhì)財(cái)富，人民生活有了較大提高，但由于對資源開發(fā)強(qiáng)度過大，造成環(huán)境污染，水土流失，耕地面積減少，資源耗竭速度提高，大量物種瀕臨滅絕等環(huán)境問題。98年特大洪水在一定程度上就是由于沿江植被遭到破壞，水土流失嚴(yán)重造成的。 我國政府近年來加大了環(huán)境保護(hù)方面的法制建設(shè)和資金投入，取得了一定的效果，但也存在著投入總量不足、環(huán)保效益和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益差等問題。在總量上，發(fā)達(dá)國家環(huán)境保護(hù)投入平均占GNP的1％－2％，我國僅占0.7％，且由于我國環(huán)保歷史欠帳較多，投入總量更顯不足。在效益上，由于對環(huán)境資源的過度開發(fā)和浪費(fèi)缺乏有效的監(jiān)督和控制，現(xiàn)階段僅僅從法律監(jiān)督和行政管理方面對破壞環(huán)境的行為進(jìn)行控制，而沒有健全、系統(tǒng)的量化指標(biāo)把企業(yè)的環(huán)保責(zé)任和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益聯(lián)系起來，把保護(hù)環(huán)境變?yōu)槠髽I(yè)的自覺行為。企業(yè)還沒有把環(huán)境保護(hù)作為企業(yè)生存和發(fā)展的一個必要條件，沒有把環(huán)境保護(hù)作為企業(yè)擴(kuò)大市場占有率、提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的重要手段，認(rèn)為進(jìn)行環(huán)保投入和技改得不到切實(shí)的回報(bào)，積極性較差。為提高環(huán)保投入產(chǎn)出率，改善環(huán)保工作的效果，確保人類社會的可持續(xù)發(fā)展，利用會計(jì)手段對環(huán)境資源和環(huán)保責(zé)任進(jìn)行計(jì)量和控制，研究專門的會計(jì)方法體系是十分必要的。 1. 企業(yè)適應(yīng)環(huán)境要求，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的必由之路。 企業(yè)要實(shí)現(xiàn)長期生存和穩(wěn)定發(fā)展，必須樹立適應(yīng)環(huán)境的觀念，社會環(huán)境是企業(yè)生存和發(fā)展的制度基礎(chǔ)，而自然環(huán)境則是企業(yè)生存和發(fā)展的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為：企業(yè)必須盡可能地適應(yīng)社會環(huán)境，尋求最佳投資環(huán)境、融資環(huán)境、市場環(huán)境和政策環(huán)境，才能求得長期生存和穩(wěn)定發(fā)展。而從可持續(xù)發(fā)展觀點(diǎn)看來：企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展需要不斷地從自然環(huán)境中取得資源，又要不斷地將廢物排放到環(huán)境中去，如果企業(yè)沒有一個持續(xù)、穩(wěn)定的自然環(huán)境作為物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，求得與自然環(huán)境的和諧共生，企業(yè)的長期生存和穩(wěn)定發(fā)展只能是空談。 現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中，人們的環(huán)境保護(hù)意識不斷增強(qiáng)，越來越要求企業(yè)提供更多的綠色產(chǎn)品，企業(yè)立足自身經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，也應(yīng)增強(qiáng)環(huán)保意識，增大環(huán)保投入，降低能源消耗，細(xì)化環(huán)保投入和產(chǎn)出的計(jì)量，計(jì)量取得的環(huán)境資源、負(fù)有的環(huán)保責(zé)任和發(fā)生的環(huán)境費(fèi)用，確認(rèn)取得的環(huán)境收益或損失。這樣才能全面的衡量企業(yè)的效益狀況，為企業(yè)目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)提供真實(shí)、可靠的信息。 2. 傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)模式的局限性 傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)的目標(biāo)是借助會計(jì)對經(jīng)濟(jì)活動進(jìn)行核算和監(jiān)督，為經(jīng)營管理提供財(cái)務(wù)信息，并考核經(jīng)營責(zé)任，從而取得最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)側(cè)重于從人類經(jīng)濟(jì)活動的角度出發(fā)，著眼于對自然資源的開發(fā)利用，沒有將環(huán)境所帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題納入會計(jì)研究的范圍，表現(xiàn)為會計(jì)信息披露不充分和會計(jì)循環(huán)過程的不完整。傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)沒有將環(huán)境所帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)問題納入會計(jì)研究的范圍，缺乏對企業(yè)環(huán)境資源、環(huán)境責(zé)任和環(huán)境費(fèi)用的計(jì)量，缺乏對企業(yè)取得的環(huán)境收益或損失的確認(rèn)。傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)沒有把企業(yè)視為與環(huán)境共生的經(jīng)濟(jì)體，沒有認(rèn)識到經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)和自然環(huán)境循環(huán)是緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)從企業(yè)從環(huán)境中取得資源開始，到企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)其產(chǎn)品，取得經(jīng)濟(jì)收益結(jié)束。忽視了環(huán)境對企業(yè)的影響和企業(yè)對環(huán)境的影響，忽視了環(huán)境自身的物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償過程和企業(yè)環(huán)境中取得資源造成的企業(yè)對環(huán)境的補(bǔ)償責(zé)任。具體而言，沒有將環(huán)境資源確認(rèn)為資產(chǎn)，沒有將企業(yè)應(yīng)承擔(dān)的環(huán)保責(zé)任確認(rèn)為負(fù)債，沒有將環(huán)境資本確認(rèn)為所有者權(quán)益，沒有確認(rèn)環(huán)境收入和費(fèi)用以及環(huán)境利潤。導(dǎo)致上述問題的原因是，傳統(tǒng)會計(jì)認(rèn)為沒有凝結(jié)人類一般勞動的環(huán)境資源是沒有價(jià)值的，不必對之進(jìn)行確認(rèn)和計(jì)量。應(yīng)當(dāng)看到，環(huán)境資源具有社會產(chǎn)品具有的有效用性和稀缺性，應(yīng)當(dāng)并可能對其進(jìn)行確認(rèn)和計(jì)量。environmental accounting environmental Recalling the development of environmental accounting and have more than two decades of history, can be seen in the natural environment, environmental accounting is severely damaged, a serious deterioration of the ecological environment, the material basis of economic development against the backdrop of threats to people in the traditional analysis of accounting theory and methods On the basis of the limitations. The deterioration of environmental conditions on the economic activities of the main new requirements. In the production and life of mankind, made from natural resources will have a life of the production and discharge of waste into the environment. With the economic development and population growth, from the nature of human resources to achieve more and more, at the same time released into the nature of the waste more and more, exceeding the tolerance of the natural world, leading to ecological damage, environmental pollution, such as a Series of environmental problems. At present, all countries in the world there are different levels of environmental pollution and ecological damage, environmental problems also led to a common global environmental problems. In the face of increasingly serious environmental problems, raised the importance of environmental issues, around the world to seek cooperation to address environmental issues of international coordination. In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development put forward a strategy of sustainable development as a national guidance on Environment and Development, the common practice of the strategy. The so-called sustainable development means not only meets the needs of the people, not to future generations to meet their own needs the ability to pose a hazard model of development and its essence is to limit the adjustment of human activities, especially economic activities in the economic and social development In solving environmental problems, so that the economic and social development in the establishment of environmental resources to bear on the basis of, and to its full and lasting development in order to satisfy current and future generations. China's 20 years of reform and opening to promote the economic development of the national economy and rapid growth has created tremendous material wealth, the people's living standard has improved greatly, but on the strength of resource development is too large, causing environmental pollution, soil erosion, reduction of arable land , To increase the speed of resource depletion, a large number of endangered species such as the environment. 98-year flood to a certain extent is due to the destruction of vegetation along the river, caused serious soil erosion. In recent years, China's government increased the legal system of environmental protection and investment, has achieved some results, but there is a total lack of inputs, inefficiency and poor economic returns. In total, the Environmental Protection developed into an average of 1% of GNP accounted for -2%, China accounted for only 0.7 percent, and as a result of China's environmental history, more debt, the total investment is even more inadequate. In terms of effectiveness, as a result of over-exploitation of environmental resources and a waste of a lack of effective supervision and control at this stage only from a legal and administrative supervision of the destruction of the environment control, and no sound system of quantitative indicators of the enterprises Responsibility for environmental and economic benefits linked to the protection of the environment into a business conscious act. Environmental protection enterprises have not as a corporate survival and development of a necessary condition, not as an environmental protection enterprises to expand market share, an important means to enhance economic efficiency, environmental protection that are not practical technical inputs and the return of the more active Poor. In order to enhance environmental protection input-output, improving the effectiveness of environmental protection to ensure sustainable development of human society, the means of accounting for the use of environmental resources and environmental responsibility and control measures, the study of specialized accounting system is essential. 1. Enterprises to adapt to environmental requirements, the only way to increase economic efficiency. To achieve long-term business survival and development of a stable, we must foster the idea to adapt to the environment, social environment for enterprises to survive and develop on the basis of the system, and the natural environment is the existence and development of enterprises on the basis of the material. The traditional view: companies must adapt to the social environment as much as possible, to seek the best investment environment, financial environment, the market environment and policy environment in order to achieve stability and development of long-term survival. From the point of view of sustainable development: the survival and development of enterprises need to obtain resources from the natural environment, but also will continue to discharge waste into the environment, if companies do not have a sustained and stable environment as a material foundation, To achieve harmony with the natural environment, Symbiotic, enterprises and the steady development of long-term survival can only be empty talk. In real life, people's awareness of environmental protection, growing more and more requests to provide more green products, companies based on their own economic interests, should also enhance environmental awareness, increasing environmental protection input and reduce energy consumption, environmental protection, investment and Refinement The output measures, measures to achieve environmental resources, has the responsibility for environmental protection and environmental costs, to obtain recognition of the environmental gains or losses. Only in this way can a comprehensive measure of the effectiveness of business conditions, corporate objectives to provide a true and reliable information. 2. Limitations of the traditional accounting model Traditional accounting with the goal of accounting for economic activities and supervision of accounting, business management for the provision of financial information, assessment and accountability, so as to maximize economic benefits. The traditional emphasis on accounting from the human point of view of economic activity, focusing on the development and utilization of natural resources, not the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, accounting for the performance of inadequate disclosure and accounting of the cycle is not complete . Traditional accounting does not brought about by the economic environment into the accounting of the scope, lack of resources in the enterprise environment, environmental responsibility and environmental costs of the measures, lack of access to the corporate environment or loss of revenue recognition. Not the traditional accounting business environment, Symbiotic and as the economy has not recognized the functioning of the economic cycle and the natural environment are closely linked. That the economic cycle from the corporate environment to obtain resources from the beginning to achieve its business products, to obtain the end of the economic benefits. Ignoring the environmental impact of corporate and business impact on the environment, environmental neglect their own material and the process of compensation and business environment to obtain resources of the corporate environmental liability. In particular, there is no environmental resources will be recognized as assets, not companies should bear the responsibility for environmental protection recognized as liabilities, not the environment identified as the owner's equity capital, there is no confirmation of income and the cost of the environment and environmental profits. These led to the cause of the problem is that traditional accounting in general do not think there is condensation of human labor, environmental resources is of no value, no need for the confirmed and measured. It should be noted that the community has the resources and the environment with the products and effective use of scarce, it should be and could be identified and measured.